Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham is a multi-campus and multi-disciplinary university in India. It is among the top-ranked private university in India and is accredited with the NAAC A++ grade ranking. The university is one of the fastest-growing institutions and has more than 180 partnerships with leading universities around the globe.
The university offers around 250+ UG, PG, Integrated, Doctoral, and Certificate programs in various fields such as Medicine, Agriculture, Arts & Science, Ayurveda, Biotechnology, Business, Mass Communication, Dentistry, Engineering, Nano Sciences, Nursing, Pharmacy, Social Work, and Sustainable Development.
The university has seven campuses at Amaravati, Kochi, Amritapuri, Chennai, Coimbatore, Bengaluru, and Mysuru, and a new upcoming campus at NCR Delhi (Faridabad). In the medical field, the Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore is ranked at the sixth position according to the NIRF ranking 2023.
Courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
MBBS Course at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Duration: MBBS is a five-and-a-half-year program including one year of compulsory rotatory residential internship.
Admission Process: Admission at Amrita for MBBS is done through the NEET-UG entrance examination.
Selection and Counselling: Selection is done based on the NEET-UG All India Ranking. Qualifying candidates according to the MCC can participate in the counselling for admission to the MBBS course.
Campus: MBBS Course is available at the Faridabad and Kochi campuses.
Number of Seats: There are a total of 150 MBBS seats at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, from which 127 belongs to the General Category (Indian Students) and 23 belong to the NRI Category.
Fee Details: The tuition fee is different for Indian students and NRI students. The MBBS fees structure at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham are as follows:
For Indian Students,
- Tuition Fee (to be paid every year): Rs. 19,00,000/-
- Total Tuition Fee (Entire MBBS duration): 95,00,000/-
- Hostel and Mess Charges (to be paid every year): Rs. 76,000/-
For NRI Students,
- Tuition Fee (to be paid per year): US $ 45,000/-
- Total Tuition Fee (Entire MBBS duration): US $ 2,25,000 /-
- Hostel and Mess Charges (to be paid every year): US $1,500/-
Other fees of Rs. 76,800/- are common for both Indian and NRI students and have to be paid in Indian currency only.
Click here to get conceptual clarity on MBBS subjects.
Postgraduate Courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeeth offers MD, MS, and PG Diploma courses in various specialties. The course details are as follows:
Duration: The course duration is 3 years.
Admission Procedure: Candidates with the MBBS degree recognized by NMC are eligible to get admission to the various medical postgraduate courses at Amrita. The admission is done based on the NEET-PG entrance examination. Candidates need to score a competitive score to get into the NEET-PG merit list.
Selection and Counselling: Selection is done based on the NEET-PG All India Ranking. Qualifying candidates according to the MCC can participate in the counseling for admission to MD, MS, and PG Diploma courses. The counselling procedure is conducted by DGHS.
List of PG Specialization and Number of Seats
| PG Specialization
(MD/MS Courses) |
Number of Seats | |
| General Category | NRI Category | |
| MD in Geriatrics | 1 | |
| MD in Physiology | 2 | |
| MD in General Medicine | 5 | 3 |
| MD in Anatomy | 2 | |
| MD in Biochemistry | 2 | |
| MD in Nuclear Medicine | 2 | |
| MD in Psychiatry | 4 | |
| MD in Anaesthesiology | 11 | |
| MD in Pathology | 5 | |
| MD in Respiratory Medicine | 2 | |
| MD in Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy | 2 | 1 |
| MD in Radiation Oncology | 3 | |
| MD in Radiodiagnosis | 6 | 4 |
| MD in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 2 | |
| MD in Emergency Medicine | 2 | |
| MD in Pediatrics | 4 | 2 |
| MD in Forensic Medicine | 2 | |
| MD in Community Medicine | 5 | |
| MD in Microbiology | 2 | |
| MD in Pharmacology | 2 | |
| M. S. in Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 4 | 1 |
| M. S. in General Surgery | 5 | 1 |
| M. S. in Orthopaedics | 4 | 2 |
| M. S. in Ophthalmology | 5 | 1 |
| M. S. in Otorhinolaryngology | 4 | |
Fee Structure of MD/MS Courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham:
| PG Specialization | Annual Fees (in INR) | First-Year Other Fees (in INR) | Hostel Fees |
| MD in Geriatrics | 20,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Physiology | 6,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in General Medicine | 30,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$ 80,000 (Fees in $ for NRI Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Anatomy | 6,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Biochemistry | 5,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Nuclear Medicine | 21,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Psychiatry | 19,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Anaesthesiology | 25,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Pathology | 16,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Respiratory Medicine | 20,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy | ₹ 35,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$ 80,000 (Fees in $ for NRI Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Radiation Oncology | 20,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Radiodiagnosis | ₹ 35,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$ 80,000 (Fees in $ for NRI Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 16,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Emergency Medicine | 16,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Pediatrics | ₹ 30,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$ 80,000 (Fees in $ for NRI Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Forensic Medicine | 6,60,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Community Medicine | 8,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Microbiology | 9,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| MD in Pharmacology | 1,10,600 | 62,000 | |
| M. S. in Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|
₹ 27,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$ 80,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| M. S. in General Surgery
|
₹27,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$75,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| M. S. in Orthopaedics | ₹27,00,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students)
$80,000 (Fees in INR for Indian Students) |
1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| M. S. in Ophthalmology | 22,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
| M. S. in Otorhinolaryngology | 25,00,000 | 1,10,600 | 62,000 |
Stipend Offered: The stipend is offered to MD and MS medical students at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
| Course Year | Stipend (in INR) |
| 1st Year | 43,000.00 |
| 2nd Year | 44,000.00 |
| 3rd Year | 45,000.00 |
PG Diploma Courses
The PG Diploma courses in the medical field at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham are available in the following disciplines:
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology (DGO)
- Otorhinolaryngology (DLO)
- Medical Radio Diagnosis (DMRO)
- Dermatology Venerology & Leprosy (DDVL)
- PG Diploma in Radiotherapy (DMRT)
- PG Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO)
Click here to master the concepts of the medical PG courses.
Super Specialisation Courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
The details of the Super Specialisation Courses are as follows:
Duration: The course duration is three years from the date of commencement of classes.
Curriculum: It is as per the syllabus approved by the MCI and Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
Eligibility Criteria and Admission Procedure: Candidates with MD/MS/DNB degrees recognized by MCI are eligible to apply for the DM/MCh Courses. Candidates are required to qualify for the NEET-SS entrance examination with a competitive score to get admission into the DM/M.Ch. courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
List of DM Courses and Number of Seats
| DM Courses | Number of Seats |
| D. M. in Clinical Haematology | 3 |
| D. M. in Pediatric Neurology | 2 |
| D.M. in Medical Oncology | 2 |
| D.M. in Nephrology | 3 |
| D. M. in Cardiac Anesthesia | 2 |
| D.M. in Neurology | 4 |
| D. M. in Pediatric Cardiology | 2 |
| D. M. in Cardiology | 5 |
| D. M. in Rheumatology | 2 |
| D.M. in Gastroenterology | 4 |
| D.M. in Endocrinology | 3 |
| D.M. in Pulmonary Medicine | 2 |
Fee Structure for DM Courses
The tuition fees for DM courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham along with other fees and hostel fees.
| DM Courses | Fee Structure (in INR) | ||
| Annual Fees | Other Fees (First Year) | Hostel Fees
(Yearly) |
|
| D. M. in Clinical Haematology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D. M. in Pediatric Neurology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Medical Oncology | 22,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Nephrology | 17,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D. M. in Cardiac Anesthesia | 7,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Neurology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D. M. in Paediatric Cardiology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D. M. in Cardiology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D. M. in Rheumatology | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Gastroenterology | 27,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Endocrinology | 28,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| D.M. in Pulmonary Medicine | 20,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
List of M.Ch. Courses and Number of Seats
| M.Ch. Courses | Number of Seats |
| M.Ch. in Plastic Surgery | 2 |
| M.Ch. in Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery | 2 |
| M. Ch. in Gastrointestinal Surgery | 4 |
| M. Ch. in Urology | 3 |
| M. Ch. in Gynec Oncology | 2 |
| M. Ch. in Head & Neck Surgery | 2 |
| M. Ch. in Pediatric Surgery | 1 |
| M. Ch. in Neurosurgery | 4 |
| M. Ch. in Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | 2 |
Fee Structure for M.Ch. Courses
The tuition fees for M.Ch. courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham along with other fees and hostel fees.
| Courses | Fee Structure | ||
| Annual Fees | First-year Other Fees (in INR) | First-Year Hostel Fee
(in INR) |
|
| M.Ch. in Plastic Surgery | 17,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M.Ch. in Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery | 4,00,00 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Gastrointestinal Surgery | 28,00,00 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Urology | 28,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Gynec Oncology | 22,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Head & Neck Surgery | 17,00,00 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Pediatric Surgery | 7,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Neurosurgery | 15,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
| M. Ch. in Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | 22,00,000 | 64,600 | 62,000 |
Stipend Offered: The stipend is offered to candidates pursuing DM or MCh degree at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.
| Course Year | Stipend (in INR) |
| 1st Year | 47,000.00 |
| 2nd Year | 48,000.00 |
| 3rd Year | 49,000.00 |
Fellowship Courses at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Fellowship courses are offered in various specialties at Amrita.
The following are the details of the fellowship courses, along with the number of seats, course duration, and the required primary education qualification:
| Courses | Number of Seats | Course Duration (Year) | Eligibility Qualification |
| Fellowship in Fetal Cardiology | 2 | 6 months for Pediatric Cardiologists
3 months for Fetal Medicine Specialist |
MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Diabetology | 1 | 1 | MD in General Medicine |
| Fellowship in Interventional Pulmonology | 1
|
1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Urology | 2 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Stroke Medicine | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology | 1 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Uro-oncology and Robotic Surgery | 1 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology | 2 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Infectious Disease | 1 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition | 1 | 2 | MD/DNB Pediatrics |
| Fellowship in Fetal Medicine | 2 | 2 | MD/DNB OBG |
| Fellowship in Advanced Obstetric Ultrasound and Fetal Echo | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB Radiology |
| Fellowship in Obstetric Ultrasound | 2 | 6 months | MD/DNB Radiology
|
| Fellowship in Therapeutic Advanced Endoscopy | 1 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Neurosurgery | 3 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Traumatology | 1
|
1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Critical Care | 2 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Intensive Care | 2 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Interventional Radiology | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Vitreo Retinal Surgery | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Accident and Emergency Care | 1 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas
|
| Fellowship in Neonatology | 2 | 1 | MD / DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Indian Diploma in Critical Care | 2 | 1 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Orthognathic Surgery | 1 | 2.5 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Solid Organ Transplant Anesthesia | 2 | 2 | MD/DNB in related areas |
| Fellowship in Diabetic Foot | 1 | 1 | M.S. in Gen.Surgery/ Orthopedics/Post Diploma in Orthopedics and Allied Specialties |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Cardiac Sciences: Pediatric Cardiology/Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care/Pediatric Cardiac Surgery | 3 | 2 | Basic Training in Pediatric Cardiology, PG in General Pediatrics/Anaesthesiology, Master/Doctoral in Cardiac Surgery |
Doctoral Degree at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
The doctoral degree in the medical field is offered in the following two disciplines:
- Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Ph.D. in Medical and Health Sciences
The doctoral course details are as follows:
Duration: The duration of the Ph.D. courses is around 3-5 years.
Admission Procedure: Admission is done through an entrance examination and an interview taken by the college itself.
Funding: The funding is obtained through fellowships by DBT, DST, ICMR, and more.
Pediatrics is a broad discipline that covers the medical treatment, well-being, and growth of children, making it a vital subject and specialization in the medical field.
A Pediatrician’s duties include preserving children’s physical, mental, and emotional health at all stages of development in addition to treating children who are acutely or chronically ill. Their health and developmental milestones, common ailments and their treatments, immunizations, nutrition, behavioral problems, and many other topics are covered in the Pediatrics course in MBBS.
Studying pediatrics goes hand-in-hand with gaining experience in managing youngsters, as they can’t express their problems or communicate effectively. It is a great duty to understand and deal with newborns and children as well as to counsel their parents. Being in the collaborative field of pediatrics necessitates extensive knowledge of the subject, a great degree of patience, and exceptional communication abilities.
MBBS Prof Exam Pattern
The MBBS Prof exam pattern is a bit different after the introduction of the CBME pattern. In the Pediatrics subject, the prof exam comprises 200 marks wherein 100 marks are for the theory examination and 100 marks for the practical examination. The theoretical examination comprises long answer questions, short answer questions, and multiple-choice questions whereas the practical examination includes the clinical examination and viva. You must obtain a minimum of 50% marks in theory and practical to pass the university exams.
Important Topics of Pediatrics for Prof Exams, NEET-PG, and INI-CET Entrance Examination
If you want to excel in the MBBS and pursue postgraduate study, concentrate on early preparation for both professional exams and competitive entrance exams. The two main entrance examinations in India nowadays are NEET-PG/NExT and INI-CET. Pediatrics has a subject weightage of about 10-15 questions in both the INI-CET and NEET PG entrance exams.
High-yielding topics are a crucial component of a productive study plan that will improve your test-taking efficiency. You must carefully schedule your study sessions, giving priority to time management, course-specific high-yield topics, and, most importantly, your health.
Recommended books for Pediatrics include Piyush Gupta’s UG Textbook of Pediatrics, Ghai Essential Pediatrics, Review of Pediatrics & Neonatology, and Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Pediatrics.
To score high in the examinations may it be prof exams or competitive entrance exams, it is highly recommended to have a good grasp over the important and high-yielding topics.
List of high-yielding topics of Pediatrics for NEET-PG, INI-CET, and MBBS Prof exams:
Growth in Children
Iodine Deficiency Disorder
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Moderate Acute Malnutrition
Breast Milk and Breastfeeding Practices
Vitamin A, E, K, B, and C
Vaccine and Vaccination Schedule-Part-1 and 2
Epiglottis and Croup
The Normal Newborn-1 and 2
Nephrotic Syndrome and Acute Kidney Injury
Cerebral Palsy
Global developmental delay
Complications of pneumonia
Etiology, clinical features, and management of pyogenic meningitis
Cerebral malaria
MR (measles) vaccine
Hypothyroidism
Breath-holding spell (Cyanotic spell)
DPT vaccine
Phototherapy
Clinical features of Vit. D deficiency
Steps of neonatal resuscitation
Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever (Jone’s criteria)
Diagnostic and clinical features of Rheumatic fever and its management
Adolescent vaccination
Febrile seizure
Clinical features and management of Nephrotic syndrome
BCG vaccine
Complications of a premature baby
Positioning and attachment in breastfeeding
Enuresis
Fluid therapy with severe dehydration
Approach to a Child with Hematuria
Management of Pulmonary T.B.
Down’s syndrome
Clinical features, differential diagnosis, complications, and management of tubercular meningitis in children
Measles rash and its differential diagnosis
Assessment of hydration status
V.S.D. (Ventricular Septal Defect)
Hepatitis B vaccine
Dietary therapy in protein energy malnutrition
Management of status asthmaticus
Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia
Define, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of neonatal sepsis
A developmental milestone in 1yr old child and growth parameters of 1yr old child
Complimentary feeding
Differential diagnosis of acute convulsion
Diagnosis of typhoid fever
ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) control program
Iron deficiency anemia in children
Complications of low birth weight in baby
Sepsis screening in newborn
Accidental kerosene ingestion
Low osmolarity ORS
Immunization schedule
Primary complex
Minimal change nephrotic syndrome
Croup syndrome
Prevention of diphtheria
Care of newborn, delivered through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, immediately after birth
Diagnosis of pathological jaundice in newborns
Differential diagnosis of the first episode of generalized confusion in a 2yr old child
Clinical diagnosis of cardiac failure in infants
Diagnosis and initial management of shock
Autosomal recessive disorders
Principles of counseling
Tuberculosis
Management of severe dehydration
Revised National TB Control program
Investigations of Urinary tract infection
Hypothermia prevention in newborn
Etiology and management of Congestive heart failure
Megaloblastic anemia
Treatment of Kala Azar
Management of dengue hemorrhagic fever
Secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
Gross motor milestone at 1yr of age
Management of kangaroo mother care
Management of anoxic spell in Fallot’s tetralogy
Severe dehydration
Management and differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly with anemia
Advantages of breastfeeding
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Diagnosis and management of a child with 1st episode of nephrotic syndrome
Stepwise management of acute diarrhea
Common Problems of adolescent boys
Signs of dehydration and management
Motor reflex and its implication
Rotavirus vaccine (type, route, dosage, schedule)
Routine newborn care
Vaccine schedule
Enumerate Apgar score
Breastfeeding recommendations from birth and its advantages
Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of rickets
Pica
Treatment of acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma
Physiological jaundice in newborn
Feeding recommendation up to 1yr agea
MMR vaccine
Apnoea of prematurity
Dengue fever with a warning sign
AFP surveillance
Combination vaccine
Laws of growth
Gestational age assessment in Newborn
L-R shunt
Pulse polio immunization (program)
Complications of diphtheria
Components of IMNCI
Management and complications of Nephritic syndrome
Laboratory diagnosis for enteric fever
Management of severe protein energy malnutrition
Management of acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration
Management of Cyanotic Congenital Heart disease
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)
Cretinism
Neonatal seizures
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Don’t skip over these crucial topics if you want to perform well in examinations. Undoubtedly, every one of us learns distinctively, but DigiNerve has got you covered in every situation. Pediatrics for Undergrads by Dr. Santosh T. Soans and Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam is one of the best online pediatrics courses available especially if you prefer audio-visual learning. This online pediatrics course includes highly illustrative video lectures, case studies, self-assessment questions, and notes. The lectures use the new CBME methodology to promote conceptual clarity while achieving excellent grades in the examinations.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What are the major topics of pediatrics?
Ans. Growth in Children, Iodine Deficiency Disorder, Severe acute malnutrition, Moderate Acute Malnutrition, Breast Milk and Breastfeeding Practices, Vitamin A, B, E, K, and C, Vaccine and Vaccination Schedule-Part-1 and 2, Epiglottis and Croup, The Normal Newborn-1 and 2, Nephrotic Syndrome and Acute Kidney Injury, Cerebral Palsy, Global developmental delay and Complications of pneumonia are some of the important topics of Pediatrics in MBBS.
Q2. How much is the subject weightage of Pediatrics in the NEET-PG and INI-CET exams?
Ans. The subject Pediatrics has a subject weightage of about 10-15 questions in both the INI-CET and NEET PG entrance exams.
Q3. How to learn Pediatrics for MBBS online?
Ans. Pediatrics for Undergrads by Dr. Santosh T. Soans and Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam is one of the best online pediatrics courses available especially if you prefer audio-visual learning. This online pediatrics course includes highly illustrative video lectures, case studies, self-assessment questions, and notes. The lectures use the new CBME methodology to promote conceptual clarity while achieving excellent grades in the examinations.
Q4. Which is the best book for Pediatrics for MBBS students?
Ans. Piyush Gupta’s UG Textbook of Pediatrics, Ghai Essential Pediatrics, Review of Pediatrics & Neonatology, and Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Pediatrics are among the best books for Pediatrics.
DNB-PDCET is Diplomate of National Board- Post Diploma Centralized Entrance Test. It is a single-window entrance examination for admission to Post Diploma DNB Broad Specialty Courses. The duration of the Post Diploma DNB course is 2 years.
The DNB-PDCET entrance examination is conducted by the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS). A consistent national standard for assessing the minimal level of knowledge and skills required for postgraduate and doctorate courses is provided by NBEMS.
The DNB PDCET examination was held on 23rd April 2023 for a total of 1073 seats for 14 different specialties. The DNB-PDCET 2023 result has been released on 22nd May 2023 and can be downloaded from the NBEMS official website, natboard.edu.in.
DNB-PDCET Eligibility Criteria
The eligibility criteria for admission to the Post Diploma DNB courses are as follows:
- Candidates can apply for the DNB PDCET 2023 in the desired broad specialty using the online application system available at the NBEMS website, https://nbe.edu.in or https:// natboard.edu.in if they have completed the final examination leading to the award of a Post Graduate Diploma from Indian Universities that have been duly recognized by NMC.
- The final test result for the mentioned Post Graduate Diploma certification should have been released on or around February 28, of the academic year.
- Those who are already enrolled in an MD, MS, or DNB programme are not eligible to take the DNB-PDCET until they have finished the ongoing program or have been released from it.
- You must provide documented verification of their registration with the NMC, the former Medical Council of India, or the State Medical Council on the day of the exam and during counselling/admission.
DNB-PDCET Exam Scheme
| Particulars | Description |
| Scheme | Single-day and single session exam |
| Mode of Exam | Computer-based Test |
| Type of questions | Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) |
| Language of Question Paper | English |
| Total number of questions | 120 |
| Total time allotted | 120 minutes |
| Marking Scheme | +4 is given for every correct answer.
-1 is given for every incorrect answer. Zero mark for every unattempted answer. Questions marked for review are evaluated according to the marking scheme. |
| Total Marks | 480 |
| Organizing Body | NBEMS (National Board of Examinations In Medical Sciences) |
List of Post Diploma DNB Courses
Following is the list of Post Diploma DNB Courses in which admission is done through DNB-PDCET:
| S.No. | Post Diploma DNB Courses | Prior Entry Eligible Qualification |
| 1 | DNB (Anaesthesiology) | DA |
| 2 | DNB (Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy) | DVD |
| 3 | DNB (Nuclear Medicine) | DNM |
| 4 | DNB (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) | DGO |
| 5 | DNB (Ophthalmology) | DOMS |
| 6 | DNB (Orthopaedics) | DORTHO |
| 7 | DNB (Otorhinolaryngology) | DLO |
| 8 | DNB (Paediatrics) | DCH |
| 9 | DNB (Psychiatry) | DPM |
| 10 | DNB (Radio Diagnosis) | DMRD |
| 11 | DNB (Radiation Oncology) | DMRT |
| 12 | DNB (Respiratory Medicine) | DTCD |
| 13 | DNB (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) | DPMR |
| 14 | DNB (Pathology) | DCP |
DNB PDCET Online Application Form
Steps to fill in an online DNB-PDCET application form.
- You are required to fill out the user registration form to generate a User ID/Application ID and Password.
- You will receive an SMS and Email with the User ID and Password.
- Then you must complete the application form and upload your photograph, scanned signature, thumb impression, and other required documents. You must fill in the information correctly to avoid any discrepancies later.
- While filling in the form, you need to choose your Exam Centre/Test City and pay the examination fee.
- After completing the form and carefully checking it, agree to the declaration and submit the application.
- You must submit the DNB-PDCET online application form before the last date.
- After completing the payment, check the payment status to be mentioned as ‘S’ (Successful) on the application form.
- You must take a printout of the filled Application form with the transaction ID printed on it and payment status should be mentioned as Successful.
Instruction to Fill Online DNB-PDCET Online Application Form
New User Registration: You are required to create an online profile to generate a User ID and Password.
Applicant Login: You can login and register an online application using the User ID and Password that has been set. Following user creation, the “Go to Application” link enables you to carry on with the application submission.
Fill out the application form correctly: You are required to fill in details like name, gender, nationality, email id, contact, and more.
Nationality can be chosen from the following options: Indian, Non-Resident Indian (NRI), Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)/PIO, and Non-OCI Foreign Nationals. If you are a Foreign National along with an Overseas Citizen of India, choose OCI/PIO as your nationality. If you are a foreign national and not an OCI, then choose Non-OCI Foreign National as your Nationality.
Upload Images: Upload your photograph, signature, and thumb impression in the application form.
Instruction for Uploading the Images
| Images to be uploaded | Instructions |
| Photograph | Candidate must upload two photographs:
1. Real time photograph- taken by the inbuilt system while filling out the PDCET application form. 2. Recent Photograph- in this case, the photograph should not be more than 3 months old. · Do not wear spectacles, cap goggles, or ornaments while getting clicked. · Photograph should be colored with white background. · The size of the image should be less than 80kb. · The image should be in .jpg/.jpeg format. |
| Signature |
The signature can be made in two ways: 1. Uploading the signature using a digital device: (i.e., camera) · Draw a box of size 1.5 cm (height) x 3.5 cm (width). · Sign with a black or blue ink pen. · Scan the image through scanner and then crop the image to the box. · Resize the image to 20-100kb. 2. Uploading the scanned signature · Signature should be done on a blank white page with blue/black pen. · Set the scanner to 200 dpi. · Scanned image should be in .jpeg/.jpg format. · Size of the image should be less than 80kb. |
| Thumb impression |
· Draw a box of 3.5 cm x 1.5 cm (width x height) on white paper. · Use a blue/black ink pad and take the left thumb impression. · Scanner should be set at 200 dpi. · Scanned image of the thumbprint must be in .jpg/.jpeg format. · Size of the image should be less than 80kb. |
Choose Examination City: You must choose the Test City from the given options. The exam centres are allotted according to a first come first serve basis.
Exam Centres
The tentative list of exam centres for the DNB-PDCET exam:
- Ahmedabad
- Bengaluru
- Bhopal
- Chandigarh/Mohali
- Chennai
- Delhi NCR
- Guwahati
- Hyderabad
- Jaipur
- Jammu
- Kolkata
- Kozhikode
- Lucknow
- Mumbai
- Patna
- Pune
- Ranchi
- Thiruvananthapuram
- Visakhapatnam
Pay the Examination Fee: The DNB-PDCET examination fee is Rs. 5000 (excluding additional payment gateway charges and tax). After making the payment make sure the confirmation is reflected as ‘S’ (Successful) in the application form.
Application Form Submission: Carefully preview your application form and agree to the declaration and submit the application form.
Acknowledgment of Application Submission: An acknowledgment email is sent to the registered email ID which confirms the successful application.
If any detail/field in the application form mentioned is incorrect, you can only edit it during the Edit Window. However, the following fields remain non-editable:
- Name of the Candidate
- Email ID
- Mobile number
- Nationality
- Test City
List of Barred Items
- Mobiles phones and other electronic devices like earphones, Bluetooth, wristwatches, etc.
- Any stationary item like a pen, textual material, notebook, writing pad, pouch, eraser, etc.
- Any ornaments like rings, earrings, bracelets, chains, brooches, etc.
- Any other wearables and accessories like caps, goggles, wallets, handbags, etc.
DNB PDCET Admit Card
The DNB-PDCET admit cards can be downloaded from the NBEMS website, natboard.edu.in.
You must download their admit cards from the NBEMS website and firmly paste their most recent (not older than three months) passport-size photo in the designated spot on the card. The image must adhere to the following requirements:
- The size of the photograph must be a minimum of 35×45 mm with a clear face and head of the candidate.
- The photograph should be coloured with white background.
- No caps, goggles, or ornaments should be worn.
- The photo must be printed on fine paper with a resolution of at least 600 dpi.
- The admit card mentions the exact address and location of the exam centres. You are urged to become familiar with the location of the test centres at least one day before the exam and make sure you report for the exam at the appointed time.
Documents to Carry on Exam Day
Candidates must bring the following documents to the test centre on the exam day:
- A printed copy of your barcoded or QR coded admit card with a recent colored photo attached.
- Permanent SMC/MCI/NMC registration photocopy, later retained by the test centre.
- Any one of the government-issued photo IDs listed below:
- PAN Card
- Aadhar Card (with the photograph)
- Voter ID
- Driving License
- Passport
DNB PDCET 2023 Result Declaration
The DNB PDCET 2023 result has been declared on 22nd May 2023. The Cut-off date for qualifying for the final examination of PG Medical Diploma qualification towards eligibility for DNB-PDCET 2023 is 28th February 2023.
Steps to Check Your DNB PDCET 2023 Result
Step 1: Go to the official NBEMS website, ntaboard.edu.in.
Step 2: Click on the DNB PDCET 2023 result link available on the homepage.
Step 3: Enter your login details and click on the submit button.
Step 4: DNB PDCET Result 2023 PDF will appear on the screen.
Step 5: Check and download the PDCET 2023 result.
Step 6: Take a printout of the same for further counselling and admission purposes.
The merit list of the DNB-PDCET entrance examination is generated specialty wise and there are no minimum qualifying criteria. Questions asked in the examination can be challenged only within the 3 calendar days after the exam day.
Any candidates found indulging in unfair practices will be expelled for the next 14 attempts or the next 7 years or as decided by the Examination Ethics Committee after considering a particular case.
The DNB PDCET official answer key can be downloaded from the official NBEMS official website once released.
Validation of DNB-PDCET Result 2023
The PDCET result is valid only for the current year i.e., the year in which the examination has been attempted. The merit and score cannot be carried forward to the next admission sessions.
Tie-breaker Criteria
In case of two or more candidates score the same, the merit is determined using the following criteria in descending order:
- Candidates who have marked more correct responses are placed above in the merit.
- Candidates with a lesser number of negative responses in the question paper are placed in a better position in the merit.
- Older candidates are placed in better positions on merit.
Publication of Merit List
- All students who take the DNB Post Diploma CET test will be ranked according to the scores they received in comparison to other applicants who applied for the same broad specialty.
- For each Broad specialty for which the Post Diploma CET test is held, a distinct merit will be created. For instance, only Post DGO applicants will be eligible for the merit list for DNB Obstetrics and Gynecology Post Diploma seats. Specialty-based merit lists will be released separately.
DNB PDCET 2023 Counselling
- The registration for the counseling is conducted by the designated authority.
- Candidates who have secured merit positions in the NBEMS-conducted DNB Post Diploma Centralized Entrance Test (DNB-PDCET) 2023 and who meet the requirements for admission to DNB (Post Diploma) programs (2023 admission session) at various NBEMS-accredited Medical Colleges, Institutions, and Hospitals in India are invited to participate in the counselling for the allocation of seats solely based on merit and student preference.
- For Scheduled Castes (SC), Schedule Tribes (ST), Persons with Disabilities (PwD), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and EWS, the status of any Post Diploma DNB seats that are subject to appropriate reservations will be declared at the time of counselling.
- Candidates are required to show their category certificate at the time of counselling.
- The PwD candidates must get themselves certified at one of the Disability Assessment Boards, before the counselling date and are required to carry their treatment documents at the time of counselling.
Important Dates for DNB-PDCET Entrance Examination
| Particulars | Tentative Timelines |
| Submission of Online Application Form | In the month of March |
| Application Edit Window | First week of April |
| Selective Edit Window to rectify images (Photograph/Signatures/Thumb Impression) | Second week of April |
| Admit Card Issue Date | Mid of April |
| Examination Date | Third week of April |
| Result Declaration | End of May |
| The cut-off date for qualifying for the final examination of PG Medical Diploma qualification towards eligibility for DNBPDCET | February |
Things to keep in mind
- Know the DNB PDCET Exam Pattern before starting the preparation.
- Remember to regularly check the DNB PDCET Registration Date and DNB PDCET online application form release date and submit it on time to get to the desired exam centre.
- Go through the DNB PDCET syllabus before preparation and solve the PDCET previous year’s question papers and sample papers to enhance the preparation.
- Solve DNB PDCET mock test papers during revision time to evaluate your progress and understanding of the topic.
- Don’t forget to affix the photograph on the admit card.
- Verify and check all the required documents for the exam day.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q1. What is PDCET?
Ans. DNB-PDCET is Diplomate of National Board- Post Diploma Centralized Entrance Test. It is a single-window entrance examination for admission to Post Diploma DNB Broad Specialty Courses. It is conducted by the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS).
Q2. What is the duration of the PDCET exam?
Ans. The duration of the PDCET exam is 120 minutes.
Q3. When is the DNB-PDCET 2023 result declared?
Ans. The DNB-PDCET 2023 result has been declared on 22nd May 2023 and can be checked on the official NBEMS website, natboard.edu.in, and nbe.edu.in.
Q4. What is the exam pattern of DNB PDCET?
Ans. The DNB-PDCET is a computer-based exam with multiple choice type questions. It is Single-day and single session exam. The exam has a total of 120 MCQs to be completed in 120 minutes.
Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal is the first self-financing medical college in the nation, founded in 1953. According to NIRF ranking 2023, the College is among the top ten medical colleges in India. All the medical programs offered by the university are recognized by the National Medical Council (NMC) and the Medical Council of India (MCI). Kasturba Medical College, Manipal is a constituent college of Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal which is deemed to be a university recognised by University Grants Commission.
MAHE offers a wide range of Undergraduate programs, Postgraduate programs, Integrated Programs, Lateral Entry programs, Diploma, Post graduate Diploma, Advanced Postgraduate Diploma, Certificate, Postgraduate certificate and Fellowships courses in medical science, health and allied sciences, pharmacy, and technological field.
Admission to the medical courses (MBBS, BDS, MD, MS, PG Diploma, MDS, DM, MCh) is done through the national level entrance examinations whereas admission to health and allied science courses, Pharmacy courses, other undergraduate and master’s courses are done through Manipal Entrance Test (MET) or Department Test (DT).
Medical Courses at KMC, Manipal
MBBS Course
The MBBS programme lasts five and a half years, including one year of required rotational internship. A month-long foundation course precedes the commencement of the programme. The college follows NMC norms for conducting its theory lectures and clinical training. The curriculum contains didactic lectures, self-directed learning modules, team-based learning sessions, problem-solving sessions, interactive assessments, and electives in accordance with CBME. It also includes clinical case presentations, benchside diagnostic training, emergency statistics lab postings, and mentorship for research.
Pre-clinical (Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry), Para-clinical (Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, and Community Medicine) as well as Clinical (Oto-rhino-laryngology, Ophthalmology, Dermatology, Pediatrics, General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Radiology, Anaesthesiology) subjects are the focus areas of the programme. Every stage of the educational process will integrate horizontally and vertically. The programme incorporates electives and skill modules. AETCOM courses have been introduced across several phases as required by NMC in order to strengthen the soft skills and effective communication among the medical students.
Eligibility Criteria for admission to MBBS Course
For Indian Board, obtain a minimum of 50% in each subject and combined in 10+2 grade in Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Biotechnology, and English from a reputable education board.
For IB, the compulsory subjects are Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English. IB Diploma or IB Certificate with a minimum of 24 points overall and 4 points in each subject is required. A minimum of three HL and three SL subjects are required to be eligible for admission.
Other eligibility criteria to be fulfilled to appear for NEET-UG exam are:
- The applicant must have reached the age of 17 at the time of admission or will have done so by the end of the year in which they are applying for admission to the first year of the UG medical programme.
- Indian citizens and applicants who are Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) must also pass the NEET (UG) entrance to register in undergraduate medical programmes in India.
- In addition to passing each subject individually, the candidate must have obtained at least 50% aggregate in Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English.
- The minimum combined score for Physics, Chemistry, and Biology/Biotechnology in the qualifying examination for candidates from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes (NCL), or Unreserved and General-EWS should be 40%.
- NRI and OCI applicants must submit a Certificate from the pertinent Indian Diplomatic Mission in the country of their residence along with their online NEET-UG application form to confirm their claim that they are NRI or OCI candidates. They must also save the original proof of this document so they can present it when applying for admission to NEET-eligible courses during the counselling process.
Admission Process for MBBS Programme
- You are required to register, appear and qualify for the NEET-UG entrance exam.
- After clearing the NEET-UG exam, you are required to do the online registration and fill counselling choices on MCC/ KEA/ JCECEB Portal. Then, go through the counselling and seat allotment procedure conducted by MCC/ KEA/ JCECEB.
- After the seat confirmation during the counselling session, go ahead with the admission formalities of the college.
Click here to know the details about the NEET-UG Entrance Examination.
MD/MS Course
Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Master of Surgery (MS) are three-year long postgraduate degrees offered at KMC in the medical stream. The college has 253 postgraduate seats including the super specialty.
The PG curriculum comprises training in basic medical sciences and allied clinical specialties. Training in Basic Medical Sciences includes lectures, journal clubs, group discussions, laboratory and experimentation work, exposure to applied aspects of subject relevant to clinical practice, and seminars. Training in clinical disciplines includes management and treatment of patients, clinical meetings, grand rounds, clinico-pathological conferences, practical training in diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment, and operations.
In the PG curriculum, training is given in basic medical science subjects along with applied and allied subjects related to the concerned disciplines. The PG students also participate in teaching the undergraduate students and interns, attend the monthly mortality meetings conducted by hospitals, and more. Training in Medical Audit, Management, Health Information System, Health Economics, Pharmacoeconomics, Basics of statistics, Exposure to human behaviour studies, and Introduction to nonlinear mathematics is also included in the PG curriculum.
The following specializations are available in the MD Programme at KMC, Manipal:
- Anaesthesiology
- Anatomy
- Biochemistry
- Community Medicine
- Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy
- Emergency Medicine
- Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
- General Medicine
- Hospital Administration
- Immunohaematology & Blood Transfusion
- Microbiology
- Pediatrics
- Pathology
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Psychiatry
- Respiratory Medicine
- Radiodiagnosis
- Radiotherapy
- Palliative Medicine
The following specializations are available in the MS Programme at KMC, Manipal:
- General Surgery
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Ophthalmology
- Orthopaedics
- Otorhinolaryngology
Eligibility Criteria for admission to MD/MS Course at KMC, Manipal
- MBBS degree received by the candidate must be from the NMC and MCI recognized institution or college.
- Candidates must have finished the internship by March 28, of the respective academic year or earlier.
- Candidates who have earned a degree from a foreign country are required to be licenced medical practitioners in that nation and must acquire a temporary registration certificate from the National Medical Council (NMC).
- According to the Screening Test Regulations, 2002, all Indian citizens and Indian citizens living abroad who received their primary medical degrees from medical schools outside of India must have passed the screening test administered by the National Board of Examinations to become eligible for admission to postgraduate courses.
- Candidate must also follow all the eligibility requirements of the NEET-PG entrance examination.
Admission Process for MD/MS Programme
- For admission to various MD/MS programmes, you are required to register, appear and qualify the NEET PG entrance examination.
- After cracking the NEET-PG exam, you must register online and fill your choices for the counselling on the MCC/KEA portal.
- Then, online counselling and seat allotment is done by MCC. After getting admission, you are required to report to the college with the required documents and complete the admission formalities.
Postgraduate students also have an opportunity to join the PhD program conducted by colleges.
MD-PhD and MS-PhD Programme
Integrated MD/MS degree with PhD degree is an opportunity for the medical postgraduates to pursue their interest in research. The program also encourages the physicians to have a research-oriented career and channelise the existing clinical resources into significant research output.
Admission for Integrated PhD Programme can be done:
- During admission to PG course, one can opt for MD-PhD or MS-PhD Programme as per the specialisation.
- During the MD course, candidates can go with research and submit their topic which is then reviewed, and guide is assigned for PhD.
- After completion of Master’s degree.
Super-specialty Courses at KMC, Manipal
List of DM and MCh Courses with Eligibility Criteria
| Courses | Eligible Qualification |
| DM Cardiology | MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics/Respiratory Medicine) |
| DM Gastroenterology | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| DM Infectious Disease | MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics/Tropical Medicine/Respiratory Medicine) |
| DM Medical Genetics | MD/MS/DNB (General Medicine/Obstetrics & Gynaecology) |
| DM Medical Oncolgy | MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics/Radiotherapy / Radiation Oncology) |
| DM Nephrology | MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics) |
| DM Neurology | MD/DNB (General Medicine/Paediatrics) |
| DM Critical Care Medicine | MD/DNB (General Medicine, Paediatrics, Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Respiratory Medicine) |
| MCh Cardiothoracic Surgery | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| MCh Neuro Surgery | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| MCh Paediatric Surgery | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| MCh Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| MCh Urology | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| MCh Paediatric Orthopedics | MS/DNB Orthopaedics |
| MCh Hand Surgery | MS/DNB Orthopaedics and General Surgery |
| MCh Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | MD/MS/DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology |
List of Fellowship Programmes with the Eligibility Criteria
| Fellowship programs | Duration | Eligible Qualification |
| Fellowship in Advanced Obstetric Ultrasound | 1 | Post Graduate Diploma or MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology/Radiology |
| Fellowship in Diabetes | 1 | MD/DNB General Medicine |
| Fellowship in Fetal Medicine | 2 | PG Diploma/MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology/Radiology |
| Fellowship in Gynaecologic Oncology | 1 | MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology |
| Fellowship in Neonatology | MS/DNB (Paediatrics) | |
| Fellowship in Neuroanesthesia | 1 | MD Anaesthesiology |
| Fellowship in Oncopathology | 1 | MD/DNB in Pathology or its equivalent |
| Fellowship in Oncosurgery | 2 | MCh/DNB Surgical Oncology/MS/DNB General Surgery |
| Fellowship in Paediatric Anaesthesia | 1 | MD Anaesthesiology/DNB Anaesthesiology |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology | 2 | MD Paediatrics/DNB Paediatrics |
| Fellowship in Skull Base and Head & Neck Surgery | 2 | MD/DNB in Pathology or its equivalent |
| Fellowship in Urogynecology, Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery | 1
|
MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology |
| Fellowship in Interventional Radiology | 1 | MD Radiology/DNB Radiology |
| Fellowship in Infectious Diseases | 1 | MD/DNB General Medicine/Microbiology |
| Fellowship in Head and Neck Oncology | 1 | MS/DNB ENT/General Surgery |
| Fellowship in Geriatrics | 1 | MD General Medicine |
KMC, Manipal Courses and Fee Structure
MBBS Fee Structure at KMC, Manipal
| Undergraduate Courses | Caution Deposit (in Rs.) | Total Course Fee including Caution Deposit (in Rs.) (As per 2023-2024 Batch) |
| MBBS | 10,000 | 70,88,500 |
MD/MS Fee Structure at KMC, Manipal
| Postgraduate Courses | Caution Deposit (in Rs.) | Total Course Fee including Caution Deposit (in Rs.) (As per 2023-2024 Batch) |
| MD Anaesthesiology | 10,000 | 65,44,000 |
| MD Anatomy | 10,000 | 14,65,000 |
| MD Biochemistry | 10,000 | 14,65,000 |
| MD Community Medicine | 10,000 | 37,60,000 |
| MD Dermatology, Venerology & Leprosy | 10,000 | 85,90,000 |
| MD Emergency Medicine | 10,000 | 79,30,000 |
| MD Forensic Medicine | 10,000 | 14,65,000 |
| MD General Medicine | 10,000 | 83,56,000 |
| MD Hospital Administration | 10,000 | 51,10,000 |
| MD Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion | 10,000 | 58,60,000 |
| MD Microbiology | 10,000 | 42,10,000 |
| MD Paediatrics | 10,000 | 85,90,000 |
| MD Palliative Medicine | 10,000 | 42,10,000 |
| MD Pathology | 10,000 | 58,60,000 |
| MD Pharmacology | 10,000 | 36,10,000 |
| MD Physiology | 10,000 | 14,65,000 |
| MD Psychiatry | 10,000 | 65,44,000 |
| MD Radiodiagnosis | 10,000 | 1,01,74,000 |
| MD Radiotherapy | 10,000 | 59,50,000 |
| MD Respiratory Medicine | 10,000 | 59,50,000 |
| MS General Surgery | 10,000 | 76,33,000 |
| MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 10,000 | 76,33,000 |
| MS Ophthalmology | 10,000 | 79,30,000 |
| MS Orthopaedics | 10,000 | 85,90,000 |
DM/MCh Fee Structure at KMC, Manipal
| Super specialization Courses | Caution Money (in Rs.) | Total Course Fee including Caution Deposit (in Rs.) (As per 2023-2024 Batch) |
| DM Cardiology | 10,000 | 83,59,000 |
| DM Critical Care Medicine | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| DM Gastroenterology | 10,000 | 79,96,000 |
| DM Infectious Disease | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| DM Medical Genetics | 10,000 | 66,10,000 |
| DM Medical Oncology | 10,000 | 72,70,000 |
| DM Nephrology | 10,000 | 79,96,000 |
| DM Neurology | 10,000 | 72,70,000 |
| MCh Cardiothoracic Surgery | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| MCh Neurosurgery | 10,000 | 72,70,000 |
| MCh Pediatric Surgery | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| MCh Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| MCh Urology | 10,000 | 87,22,000 |
| MCh Hand Surgery | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| MCh Pediatric Orthopedics | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
| MCh Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | 10,000 | 49,60,000 |
Fee Structure for Fellowship Programs
| Fellowship programs | Total Course Fee including Caution Deposit (in Rs.) (As per 2023-2024 Batch) |
| Fellowship Advanced Obstetric Ultrasound | 6,00,000 |
| Fellowship Diabetes | 8,00,000 |
| Fellowship Gynaecologic Oncology | 8,50,000 |
| Fellowship Neonatology | 8,00,000 |
| Fellowship Neuroanesthesia | 9,00,000 |
| Fellowship Oncopathology | 10,00,000 |
| Fellowship Oncosurgery | 20,00,000 |
| Fellowship Pediatric Anaesthesia | 8,00,000 |
| Fellowship in Pediatric Haematology and Oncology | 20,00,000 |
| Fellowship Skull Base and Head & Neck Surgery | 20,00,000 |
| Fellowship in Urogynecology, Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstrucutive Surgery | 8,50,000 |
International Collaboration of KMC, Manipal
KMC Manipal has collaborated with international institutions all over the world such as Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam; King’s College in London; University of New Brunswick in Canada; University of Lille in France; University of Mississippi in the United States; Ochsner Clinic Foundation in the United States for academic, research, and student exchange programmes to demonstrate its global credentials. Students good in academics and professional standing also gets the opportunity to pursue the elective courses from the international universities, such as from Yale School of Medicine, New Haven; Weil Cornell School of Medicine; McGill University, Canada; Flinders University, Australia; Boston University School of Med, Boston, etc.
Clinical Exposure at KMC, Manipal
For the benefit of the students, KMC, Manipal is affixed to a 2,032-bed teaching hospital. With top-notch medical facilities; the hospital is one of the biggest in the area. Students can gain additional clinical experience through the hospital’s community outreach programmes.
KMC Manipal Facilities
Other amenities at KMC include a gymnasium, sports fields, skill laboratories, museums, libraries, and an indoor multi-sport facility of world calibre. Wi-Fi is provided across the entire campus, and there are additional resources for e-learning, online library access, hospital and emergency care, counselling sessions for students and teacher-guardians, and inter- and intradisciplinary research facilities to help students develop their research abilities.
KMC, Manipal Scholarships
Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal offers the following scholarships to its undergraduate and postgraduate medical students:
- Kalam-Pai, Freeship and Scholars Scholarship for MBBS & BDS Programs
- Merit Scholarship for Post Graduate (PG) Medical/Dental and Super Specialty (SS) Programs
- Scholar and Achiever Scholarship for All Other Under Graduate (UG) & Post Graduate (PG) Programs
- Scholarships for Academy of General Education Students (SAGES)
- Academy of General Education (AGE) Scholarship for AGE Students
- Merit Scholarships for International Students
- Scholarship for Konkani speaking students
- Merit Scholarship for Children of MAHE Manipal Alumni
- Scholarship Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Education Loan for MAHE students
- AICTE Tuition Fee Waiver (TFW) and PG Scholarships
- ITC Scholarship
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What is the fees for MBBS at KMC Manipal?
Ans. The complete fees for MBBS course at KMC, Manipal is Rs. 70,88,500.
Q2. Is it worth it to study MBBS at KMC Manipal?
Ans. Yes, KMC, Manipal is among the top medical institutions in India, accompanied with 2000+ bedded hospital for the best clinical exposure for the medical students.
Q3. Is KMC college private or public?
Ans. KMC, Manipal is a private college. It is a constituent college of Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal which is deemed to be a university recognised by University Grants Commission.
After completing 12th standard, students who want to pursue their career in medicine must take the NEET-UG entrance examination. Around 15 lakh aspirants appeared for the exam last year which itself is a huge number for a total of about 78,000 thousand medical seats in India. Hence, it is highly competitive to get admission into the MBBS programme. As the NEET-UG exam is approaching on May 7 this year, students should polish their skills and stick to their preparation strategy. Strictly following the preparation tips and putting consistent efforts will keep you ahead of the competition.
Here’s are some last-minute reliable preparation tips for the NEET-UG Exam.
Practice mock paper with your timers on: This will help you in analyzing the exam pattern, evaluating your level of understanding of the topic, and of course, developing time management skills.
Solve previous year question papers: Solve previous year papers of at least last 10 years. This will give you an idea about the exam pattern, type of questions asked from the chapter and topic. It will boost your confidence.
Don’t study from multiple resources at the last moment: Before exams, always prefer to study from NCERT books and notes. This will help you with quick revision and covering the entire syllabus with focusing more on the important topics for NEET-UG exam.
Refrain from studying new chapters and concepts: The NEET-UG 2023 syllabus is vast, and it is not possible to grasp everything in one go. In case you have missed any difficult concept, refrain from starting anything in the last days because studying any topic from the beginning and then making notes is time taking which in turn increases pressure and workload. Instead, it is advised to practice the topics you have already learned and have a tight grasp over it.
Put consistent efforts: As the syllabus is quite extensive and the level of complexity is high, you must put in consistent effort to practice and revise every topic properly.
Practice, Practice and Practice: Practice as much as questions you can. Practise formulae, flowcharts, schematic diagrams, tables, graphs, remember the conversions and values of the variables, and other crucial topics. It plays a critical role in scoring well in the exams. Write and learn all the shortcut approaches which are easy to memorize the concept and recall during exam.
Prioritize Chapters: Prioritize the maximum weightage and important topics during the last period of your preparation.
Important Units of Physics for NEET-UG:
- Mechanics
- Heat and Thermodynamics
- Waves
- Magnetism
- Modern Physics
- Electricity
- Optics
Important Units of Chemistry for NEET-UG:
- Atomic structure
- Equilibrium
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Electrochemistry
- Chemical Kinetics
- Coordination Compounds
- Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- s, p, d, and f -block Elements
- Hydrocarbons
Important Units of Biology for NEET-UG:
- Evolution
- Biotechnology
- Structural organisation in animals
- Animal kingdom
- Biomolecules
- Plant physiology
- Cell & Cell Cycle
- Genetics
- Ecology
- Diversity of Living Organisms
- Human Physiology
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Reproduction
Maintain your physical and mental health and take proper sleep: Maintaining good health is equally important as effective preparation. It is advised to take some time to meditate and exercise and keep yourself healthy. Remain calm and don’t overexert yourself. Negligence in terms of health will keep all your efforts at stake.
Be confident: Don’t panic in the last days of your preparation. Revise thoroughly what you have prepared so far and avoid comparing yourself with your fellows. Have faith in yourself and stick to your preparation, just avoid procrastination. Identify your pain areas, clear your doubts and practice more.
Prepare in advance: Read all the instructions provided on the admit card and strictly adhere to it. Avoid carrying the barred items and get dressed as per the NEET-UG exam dress code. Arrange all your required documents and valid ID proof for the exam day prior.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Keep in mind that if you fall sick all your efforts will go in vain. Hence, take proper sleep, eat healthy food, and do exercises to keep yourself healthy.
Do’s and Don’ts on the Exam Day
- Check your exam centre location prior to your exam or visit once to avoid being late on your exam day.
- Go through the instructions regarding exam day, dress code, barred items, required documents and photographs and more.
- Be very careful while bubbling in the OMR answer sheet.
- Start your exam with the subject you are more confident in and manage your time effectively.
- Don’t waste your time in thinking over a question much and do the next.
- Don’t rely on guesswork. There is a negative marking in the NEET-UG exam and hence, guesswork can reduce your overall score.
- Strictily adhere to the dresscode guidelines issues by NEET authority.
- Concentrate on your last-minute revision.
- Don’t let yourself feel dehydrated.
- Remain focused and attentive.
- Read all the instructions carefully before starting the exam to avoid any mistake.
- Double check your OMR sheet before submitting.
- Do not carry any barred/prohibited items.
- Stay positive and determined.
List of Barred Items
- Any type of study material, and stationery items such as, papers, pens, writing pads, geometry boxes, logbook, calculator, etc.
- Any communication devices such as mobile phones, Bluetooth, earphones, microphones, health band, smart watches, etc.
- Accessories like watch, wallet, bracelets, googles, cap, etc.
- Any ornaments and metallic items
- Any food item and beverage
- Any kind of cheating material
Things to carry at the Examination Day
- You must carry the following things to the Exam Centre:
- NEET-UG admit card with the passport size photograph affixed on it
- One passport size photograph to be affixed on the attendance sheet
- Valid Identity proof and PwBD certificate, if required
- Proforma downloaded with the admit card and one post card size photograph (4” * 6”) with white background must be affixed on the proforma and hand over to the invigilator at the exam centre.
Dress Code
You must follow the instructions regarding the dress code. If you don’t follow dress code, it will create chaos during frisking and you will be not allowed to sit in the exam. You must keep the following things in mind:
- Long sleeves clothes are not allowed to wear.
- Clothes with large buttons are not allowed.
- Accessories like studs, earrings, rings, etc. are not allowed.
- If any candidate is coming in the cultural customary dress for examination at any exam centre, you must report at least an hour before the reporting time.
- Shoes are not permitted. Slippers, sandals, and low heel footwear are allowed.
Your consistent efforts and determination will pay off, just have faith in yourself.
Click here to know more about NEET-UG Entrance Examination.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q1. What is the exam date of NEET UG 2023?
Ans. The NEET-UG entrance exam will be held on 7th May, 2023.
Q2. What is the pass mark for NEET?
Ans. The cut off marks for NEET-UG as per 2022 is 117 out of 720. But these cut-off marks are not to get admission to variety of medical undergraduate courses.
Q3. Which is the conducting body for NEET-UG?
Ans. The NEET-UG entrance examination is conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA).
Q4. Which dresses are not allowed for NEET?
Ans. You must keep the following things in mind:
- Long sleeves clothes are not allowed to wear.
- Clothes with large buttons are not allowed.
- Accessories like studs, earrings, rings, etc. are not allowed.
- If any candidate is coming in the cultural customary dress for examination at any exam centre, you must report at least an hour before the reporting time.
- Shoes are not permitted. Slippers, sandals, and low heel footwear are allowed.
NEET-SS is a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test-Superspecialty and is the only entrance exam for admission to various DM/MCh and DrNB Super Speciality programmes offered nationwide, including admissions at private medical colleges, universities, and deemed universities. Admission to each and every DM/MCh programme offered by Armed Forces Medical Services Institutions and all DrNB Super-specialty Courses, with the exception of the Direct 6 Year DrNB Courses is also done through NEET-SS.
Admission to DM/MCh programmes at the following medical colleges is not done through NEET-SS:
- AIIMS New Delhi and other AIIMS
- PGIMER, Chandigarh,
- JIPMER, Puducherry
- NIMHANS, Bengaluru
- SCTIMST, Thiruvananthapuram
The admission to above mentioned colleges is done through INI-CET entrance examination.
Conducting Body
National Board of Examination in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) conducts the NEET-SS examination every year with an objective of improving the quality of medical education and establishing high and uniform standards for postgraduate examinations in modern medicine on an All India Basis and utilising existing healthcare infrastructure. A consistent national standard for evaluating the minimal level of knowledge and skills required for postgraduate and postdoctoral training is provided by NBEMS.
Important Dates
| Particulars | Tentative Timelines for 2023 session |
| Online Submission of Application Form | 27th July 2023 (3 PM Onwards) to 16th August 2023 (Till 11:55PM) |
| Edit Window | 19th August 2023 to 21st August 2023 |
| Final Edit Window to rectify uploaded images | 26th August 2023 to 28th August 2023 |
| Admit Card Issue Date | 4th September 2023 (Revised Date: 22nd September 2023) |
| Examination Date | 9th & 10th September 2023 (Revised Dates: 29th & 30th September 2023) |
| Cut Off Date for qualifying MD/ MS/DNB Broad Specialty qualification | 30th September 2023 |
| Result Declaration | By 30th September 2023 (Revised Date: 15th October 2023) |
| Commencement of new Academic Session | TBA |
Application Process and Eligibility Criteria
- Application form for the NEET-SS exam can only be filled once.
Steps to fill NEET-SS 2023 Application Form:
✓ Fill out the user registration form to generate a password and a user ID/application ID.
✓ Email and SMS will be used to send the User ID and Password.
✓ Fill out the application form completely, and upload your photo, scanned signature, thumbprint, and other relevant documents.
✓ Select your test city and pay the exam fee.
✓ Accept the statement and submit the application.
✓ Print a copy of the completed application form with the Transaction ID for your records.
Overview of NEET-SS Exam:
✓ Submission of online application form
✓ Demo Test (at NBEMS website)
✓ Issue of Admit card
✓ Examination
✓ Result Declaration
✓ Release of Merit list
✓ Start of Counselling
Eligibility for NEET-SS 2023 Entrance Examination
✓Candidates may apply for NEET-SS 2023 if they hold a recognised postgraduate medical degree (MD, MS, or DNB), a provisional pass certificate (MD, MS, or DNB), or a comparable recognised qualification, or if they are anticipated to hold one by September 15, 2022, in accordance with the eligible feeder specialty qualifications for super specialty courses.
✓ Registration with the NMC or State Medical Council is required, and written documentation of that registration must be shown at the testing location on the day of the exam.
- Instructions to Upload Images in the Application Form
Images to be uploaded Particulars Description Photograph You are required to upload two photographs: Real time photograph and recent photograph
· Photogragh should be coloured with white background.
· Your face must be clearly visible.
· Image must be in .jpg/ .jpeg format.
· Size of the image must be less than 80kb.
Signature You can upload the signature in two ways: • Using a digital device to directly image (i.e., camera)
• Scanning the signature
· For digital signature, the box size should be 1.5 cm (height) x 3.5 cm (width).
· Signature must be of >5-megapixel resolution preferably.
· Image should be of the range 20-100 kb.
· In case of scanned image, set the scanner to 200 dpi.
· Image must be in .jpg/.jpeg format.
· Size of the image must be less than 80kb.
· Use a black/blue ink for signature.
Thumb Impression You need to upload the impression of your left thumb. · Draw a box of size, 3.5 cm x 1.5 cm (width x height) on a white sheet of paper and then take your left thumb print.
· Set the scanner to 200 dpi.
· Upload the scanned image in the .jpg/.jpeg format.
· Size of the image must be less than 80 kb.
Exam Scheme of NEET-SS
- The NEET-SS 2023 test is a CBT exam. Examining the various groups will take place either in the morning or afternoon shifts.
- The exam will be group-based and will only include questions from broad specialty primary feeders. Candidates may choose any of the super specialties according to their feeder topic.
- All the DM/MCh/DrNB courses that are available for enrollment through NEET-SS 2023 have been divided into 13 separate groups.
- There will be 13 separate question papers accordingly.
- For admission to all the super specialty courses included in a given group, a single exam will be required.
- A candidate may choose to take the exams for as many groups for which his or her PG speciality certificate qualifies as a feeder qualification.
- A question paper includes questions from the primary feeder broad specialty topics as well as from every sub-specialty, system, and component of that primary feeder broad specialty subject. All 150 questions would come from the principal feeder wide speciality subject’s post graduate exit level curriculum.
| Particulars | Description |
| Exam Type | Computer Based Test |
| Total Number of Questions | 150 |
| Duration of Exam | Two and a half hour (150 minutes) |
| Marking Scheme | 4 marks will be awarded for every correct answer.
1 mark will be deducted for every incorrected answer. Zero mark for un-attempted questions |
Multiple Eligible Broad Specialty Feeder:
- In cases where there are several eligible broad specialities that can be used as a feeder for admission to a super specialised subject, applicants from each of those eligible feeder specialties must present on the test for that group.
- For instance, General Medicine and Pediatrics are valid feeder wide specialisations for DM/DrNB Endocrinology. Since the Medical Group covers admissions to DM/DrNB Endocrinology, applicants for Pediatrics will also need to appear on the Medical Group exam with candidates for general medicine. A candidate may only exercise their options in the counselling for those superspecialty subjects covered in the group for which they appeared on the group’s question paper and passed the test.
- After passing the test and participating in a group’s question paper, a candidate will only be able to choose those options during counselling for which his or her wide specialisation qualifies. For instance, candidates for emergency medicine will only be allowed to choose between the DM/DrNB Critical Care Medicine and DM/DrNB Medical Genetics seats in the counselling by participating in the medical group’s question paper.
List of Question Paper Groups, Primary Eligible Feeder Specialty and Super specialty Courses covered in each group
| Question Paper Group | Primary Eligible Feeder Specialty | Super specialty courses included in this group question paper |
| Medical Group | MD/DNB General Medicine | Cardiology
Clinical Haematology Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Critical Care Medicine Endocrinology Medical Gastroenterology Hepatology Infectious Diseases Medical Genetics Medical Oncology Nephrology Neurology |
| Surgical Group | MS/DNB General Surgery | Cardiovascular & thoracic Surgery
Pediatric Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery Pediatric Surgery Surgical Gastroenterology Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Surgery Neurosurgery Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Urology Vascular Surgery Surgical Oncology Endocrine Surgery Thoracic Surgery |
| Pediatric Group | MD/DNB Pediatrics | Neonatology
Pediatric Hepatology Pediatric Nephrology Pediatric Oncology Pediatric Neurology Pediatric Cardiology Pediatric Gastroenterology Pediatric Critical Care |
| Obstetrics & Gynaecology Group | MD/MS/DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology | Gynaecological Oncology
Reproductive Medicine & Surgery |
| Orthopaedics Group | MS/DNB Orthopaedics | Hand Surgery
Pediatric Orthopaedics |
| Anaesthesia Group | MD/DNB Anesthesiology | Cardiac Anaesthesia
Neuroanesthesia Organ Transplant Anaesthesia & Critical Care Pediatric & Neonatal Anaesthesia |
| Radiodiagnosis Group | MD/DNB Radiology | Neuro Radiology
Interventional Radiology |
| Respiratory Medicine Group | MD/DNB Respiratory Medicine | Pulmonary Medicine |
| Microbiology Group | MD/DNB Microbiology | Virology |
| Pathology Group | MD/DNB Pathology | Onco-Pathology |
| Psychiatry Group | MD/DNB Psychiatry | Geriatric Mental Health
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |
| Pharmacology Group | MD/DNB Pharmacology | Clinical Pharmacology |
| ENT Group | MS/DNB ENT | Head & Neck Surgery |
The date and time schedule of NEET-SS 2023 examination for different groups will soon be released.
List of Super Specialty Courses and their Corresponding Eligible Feeder Specialty Qualifications
| S. No | Name of Eligible Feeder Specialty | Course Type | Name Of Eligible Super Specialty Course(s) | |
| 1 | MD/DNB Anaesthesiology | 1 | DM/DrNB | Cardiac Anaesthsia |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Neuro Anaesthesia | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Critical Care Medicine | ||
| 4 | DM | Organ Transplant Anaesthesia & Critical Care | ||
| 5 | DM | Pediatric & Neonatal Anaesthesia | ||
| 6 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 2 | MD/DNB Biochemistry | 1 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Haematology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 3 | MD/DNB Emergency Medicine | 1 | DM/DrNB | Critical Care Medicine |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 4 | MS/DNB – Otorhinolaryngology | 1 | MCh | Head & Neck Surgery |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 5 | MD/DNB General Medicine | 1 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Haematology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Nephrology | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Oncology | ||
| 4 | DM/DrNB | Endocrinology | ||
| 5 | DM/DrNB | Cardiology | ||
| 6 | DM | Pulmonary Medicine | ||
| 7 | DM/DrNB | Neurology | ||
| 8 | DM/DrNB | Medical Gastroenterology | ||
| 9 | DM | Hepatology | ||
| 10 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology | ||
| 11 | DM | Infectious Disease | ||
| 12 | DM/DrNB | Critical Care Medicine | ||
| 13 | DM/DrNB | Pediatric Neurology | ||
| 14 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 6 | MS/DNB General Surgery | 1 | MCh/DrNB | Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery |
| 2 | MCh/DrNB | Surgical Gastroenterology (G.I. Surgery) | ||
| 3 | MCh | Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Surgery | ||
| 4 | MCh/DrNB | Urology | ||
| 5 | MCh/DrNB | Vascular Surgery | ||
| 6 | MCh/DrNB | Cardio-Vascular And Thoracic Surgery | ||
| 7 | DrNB | Thoracic Surgery | ||
| 8 | MCh | Pediatric Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery | ||
| 9 | MCh/DrNB | NeuroSurgery | ||
| 10 | MCh/DrNB | Pediatric Surgery | ||
| 11 | MCh/DrNB | Surgical Oncology | ||
| 12 | MCh | Head And Neck Surgery | ||
| 13 | MCh | Endocrine Surgery | ||
| 14 | MCh | Hand Surgery | ||
| 15 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 7 | MD/DNB Microbiology | 1 | DM | Virology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 8 | MS/DNB Orthopaedics | 1 | MCh | Pediatric Orthopaedics |
| 2 | MCh | Hand Surgery | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 9 | MD/MS/DNB Obstetrics & Gynecology | 1 | MCh/DrNB | Gynaecological Oncology |
| 2 | MCh | Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 10 | MD/DNB Pediatrics | 1 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Haematology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Endocrinology | ||
| 3 | DM | Pulmonary Medicine | ||
| 4 | DM/DrNB | Pediatric Neurology | ||
| 5 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology | ||
| 6 | DM | Infectious Disease | ||
| 7 | DM/DrNB | Critical Care Medicine | ||
| 8 | DM | Pediatric Cardiology | ||
| 9 | DM | Pediatric Gastroenterology | ||
| 10 | DM | Pediatric Hepatology | ||
| 11 | DM | Pediatric Nephrology | ||
| 12 | DM | Pediatric Oncology | ||
| 13 | DM/DrNB | Neonatology | ||
| 14 | DM/DrNB | Cardiology | ||
| 15 | DM/DrNB | Nephrology | ||
| 16 | DM | Hepatology | ||
| 17 | DM/DrNB | Neurology | ||
| 18 | DM/DrNB | Medical Oncology | ||
| 19 | DrNB | Pediatric Critical Care | ||
| 20 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 11 | MD/DNB Pathology | 1 | DM/DrNB | Clinical Haematology |
| 2 | DM | Onco-Pathology | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 12 | MD/DNB Psychiatry | 1 | DM | Geriatric Mental Health |
| 2 | DM | Child And Adolescent Psychiatry | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 13 | MD/DNB Pharmacology | 1 | DM | Clinical Pharmacology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 14 | MD/DNB Radiodiagnosis/ Radiology | 1 | DM/DrNB | Interventional Radiology |
| 2 | DM | Neuroradiology | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 15 | MD/DNB Respiratory Medicine | 1 | DM | Pulmonary Medicine |
| 2 | DM | Infectious Disease | ||
| 3 | DM/DrNB | Cardiology | ||
| 4 | DM/DrNB | Critical Care Medicine | ||
| 5 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 16 | MD/DNB Radiation Oncology | 1 | DM/DrNB | Medical Oncology |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 17 | MD Tropical Medicine | 1 | DM | Infectious Disease |
| 2 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics | ||
| 18 | Any Other MD/MS/ DNB Broad Specialty qualification | 1 | DM/DrNB | Medical Genetics |
List of DM/MCh/DrNB Courses with their Eligible qualification
For DM/DrNB Programme
| S. No | Name of Super Specialty Course | Course Type | Prior Eligibility Requirement | |
| 1 | Cardiac Anaesthesia | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Anaesthesia) |
| 2 | Cardiology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Respiratory Medicine) | |||
| 3 | Child And Adolescent Psychiatry | DM | 1 | MD (Psychiatry) |
| 4 | Clinical Haematology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Biochemistry) | |||
| 4 | MD/DNB (Pathology) | |||
| 5 | Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 6 | Clinical Pharmacology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pharmacology) |
| 7 | Critical Care Medicine | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Emergency Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Respiratory Medicine) | |||
| 4 | MD/DNB (Anaesthesia) | |||
| 5 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 8 | Endocrinology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 9 | Geriatric Mental Health | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Psychiatry) |
| 10 | Hepatology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 11 | Infectious Disease | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Respiratory Medicine) | |||
| 4 | MD (Tropical Medicine) | |||
| 12 | Interventional Radiology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Radio diagnosis) |
| 13 | Medical Genetics | DM/DrNB | 1 | Any MD/MS/DNB Broad Specialty |
| 14 | Medical Gastroenterology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 15 | Medical Oncology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Radiation Oncology) | |||
| 16 | Neuro Anaesthesia | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Anaesthesia) |
| 17 | Neonatology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 18 | Nephrology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 19 | Neuro Radiology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Radio-Diagnosis) |
| 20 | Neurology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 21 | Onco-Pathology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pathology) |
| 22 | Organ Transplant Anaesthesia & Critical Care | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Anaesthesia) |
| 23 | Pediatric and Neonatal Anaesthesia | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Anaesthesia) |
| 24 | Pediatric Cardiology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 25 | Pediatric Hepatology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 26 | Pediatric Oncology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 27 | Pediatric Neurology | DM/DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) | |||
| 28 | Pediatric Nephrology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 29 | Pediatric Gastroenterology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
| 30 | Pulmonary Medicine | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (General Medicine) |
| 2 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) | |||
| 3 | MD/DNB (Respiratory Medicine) | |||
| 31 | Virology | DM | 1 | MD/DNB (Microbiology) |
| 32 | Pediatric Critical Care | DrNB | 1 | MD/DNB (Pediatrics) |
For MCh/DrNB Programme
| S. No | Name of Super Specialty Course | Course Type | Prior Eligibility Requirement | |
| 1 | Cardio vascular and Thoracic Surgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 2 | Gynaecological Oncology | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MD/MS/DNB (Obst. & Gynae) |
| 3 | Endocrine Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 4 | Hand Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (Orthopaedics) |
| 2 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) | |||
| 5 | Head and Neck Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck) |
| 2 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) | |||
| 6 | Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 7 | Neurosurgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 8 | Pediatric Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 9 | Pediatric Surgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 10 | Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 11 | Pediatric Orthopaedics | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (Orthopaedics) |
| 12 | Reproductive Medicine & Surgery | MCh | 1 | MS/DNB (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) |
| 13 | Surgical Gastroenterology/ G. I. Surgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 14 | Surgical Oncology | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 15 | Thoracic Surgery | DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 16 | Urology | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
| 17 | Vascular Surgery | MCh/DrNB | 1 | MS/DNB (General Surgery) |
All the information regarding the list of courses mentioned above is taken from the NBEMS official website.
Examination Fee
- The NEET-SS exam fee is Rs. 4250 per group.
- The candidate must pay the examination fee as stated above for each group in which he or she decides to participate.
- For instance, a candidate with an MD in Pediatrics who decides to take the test and appear in the questions for both the medical and Pediatric groups would have to pay Rs. 4250 + 4250 = 8500/-.
Admit Card
- Admit card is released in the month of August and can be downloaded from the official website of NBE.
- Candidates must download and get their admit cards printed and adhere their most recent passport-size photo securely to the area specified on the card.
- The photograph must adhere to the following requirements:
✓ Dimensions of the image: Minimum 35×45 mm size. At least 75% of the photograph’s area must be taken up by the candidate’s head and face, which must be no bigger than the box specified for pasting the photo.
✓ The image must be in colour with a simple white background.
✓ The image needs to be clear and show the entire front of the face with a neutral expression and with no accessories on.
✓ The photo must be printed on premium paper with a resolution of at least 600 dpi. - Candidates are required to bring the following at the test centre:
✓ Printed copy of Barcoded/QR Coded Admit card with his/her photograph pasted on it.
✓ Photocopy of Permanent SMC/MCI/NMC registration, to be retained by the test centre.
✓ Any one of the below mentioned Govt issued photo IDs (must be original and valid/non-expired):- PAN Card
- Driving License
- Voter ID
- Passport
- Aadhaar Card (with Photograph)
Exam Centres for NEET-SS Exam
The tentative list of exam centres is as follows:
- Ahmedabad/Gandhinagar
- Agartala
- Ajmer
- Bengaluru
- Bhatinda
- Bhopal
- Bhubhneswar
- Bikaner
- Chennai
- Coimbatore
- Delhi NCR
- Ernakulam
- Guntur
- Guwahati
- Haldwani
- Hubballi (Hubli)
- Hyderabad
- Indore
- Jaipur
- Jammu
- Kannur
- Kanpur
- Kohima
- Kolkata
- Kollam
- Kozhikode
- Lucknow
- Madurai
- Meerut
- Mohali
- Mumbai
- Mysuru (Mysore)
- Nagpur
- Panjim
- Patiala
- Patna
- Puducherry
- Pune
- Raipur
- Rajahmundry
- Ranchi
- Salem
- Shillong
- Sikar
- Thiruvananthapuram
- Thrissur
- Tiruchirappalli
- Tirunelveli
- Varanasi
- Vijaywada
- Visakhapatnam
Result and Counselling
- Candidates who scored at or above the 50th percentile in NEET-SS for their particular speciality will be recognised as qualified.
- By September 2023, the NEET-SS 2022 results will be released. The outcome will be made available on the NBEMS websites, nbe.edu.in and natboard.edu.in.
- The candidates will be able to download their score card by logging in with their NBEMS ID and password.
- There won’t be any more examination, checking, or totalling.
- Re-evaluation or re-totalling requests won’t be taken into consideration.
- The NEET-SS 2022 results are only valid for the current entrance session, which is the 2023-2024 admission session for DM/MCh and DrNB Super Specialty programmes, and they cannot be carried over to the subsequent admissions session.
- NBEMS shall declare a distinct merit list for each group of question paper.
- Candidates will be considered eligible if they receive a 50th percentile or above on the merit list for each question paper set.
- The Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Government of India, will conduct a single national counselling session for all superspecialty seats (DM, MCh, and DrNB Super specialty) under NEET-SS 2023.
- Candidates who are declared qualified in the Question Paper of a specific group or groups and sign up to participate in the common counselling are free to select as many superspecialty courses that are offered in those group(s) and are eligible feeders for their broad specialty qualification.
- A candidate for general medicine who is deemed qualified in the Medical Group’s question paper will be allowed to select from all seats open in the superspecialty disciplines covered by the Medical Group.
Criteria For Tie- Breaking Situation
The following tie-breaking criteria will be used to calculate inter-se merit in NEET-SS 2022 in decreasing order if many applicants receive the same score for a given super specialised group, up until a single inter-se merit is established for each of these candidates.
- Candidate with greater number of correct responses in the question paper
- Candidate with lesser number of negative responses in the question paper
- Older candidate will be placed at a better merit position
- Candidate with higher aggregate marks (in percentage) in all MBBS Professional Examinations will be placed at a better merit position
Admission to DrNB Super Specialty Courses
Admissions to DrNB Superspecialty Courses (apart from Direct 6 Year Courses) must be made through NEET-SS 2023. The Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) will conduct a unified counselling session for all Superspecialty seats (DM, MCh, and DrNB Super specialty) of NEET-SS 2023 at the national level.
Here’s a list of DrNB Super Specialty Course offered by NBEMS:
- Cardiac Anaesthesia
- Cardiology
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery
- Clinical Haematology
- Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology
- Critical Care Medicine
- Endocrinology
- Gynaecologic Oncology
- Interventional Radiology
- Medical Gastroenterology
- Medical Genetics
- Medical Oncology
- Neonatology
- Nephrology
- Neuroanaesthesia
- Neurology
- Neurosurgery
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Pediatric Critical Care
- Pediatric Neurology
- Pediatric Surgery
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
- Surgical Gastroenterology
- Surgical Oncology
- Thoracic Surgery
- Urology
- Vascular Surgery
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow is one of the most prestigious medical institutions preferred by hundreds of medical aspirants every year. According to the NIRF ranking 2022, SGPGIMS, Lucknow college is ranked at seventh position in the medical institutions category. This is among the best choice for medical aspirants who wants to pursue postgraduate or super specialty medical courses in India. The SGPGIMS is at par with other leading medical institutions in the country. The college is an autonomous body and is recognized by the Medical Council of India.
The college is famous for its top-notch research and education initiatives, and it has turned out several accomplished scientists and medical professionals. The institution features cutting-edge buildings and equipment, including up-to-date labs, lecture halls, a library, and a hospital with more than 1000 beds. Rendering valuable service to the community, the students starting their careers here get an unparalleled opportunity to serve the ailing and get exposure to premium patient care, research, and education.
Courses at SGPGIMS, Lucknow
SGPGIMS provides admission to various undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate level programmes in several medical and allied sciences field. The courses offered at SGPGIMS includes MD/MS, DM, M.Ch., PhD., post-doctoral fellowships, and postdoctoral certificate courses in various disciplines. Additionally, it offers senior residency training programmes, B.Sc. Nursing course and B.Sc./M.Sc. paramedical technology courses in allied sciences.
Here’s a list of courses available at SGPGIMS, Lucknow.
Medical Courses:
MD/MS Courses
- Anesthesiology
- Microbiology
- Nuclear Medicine
- Pathology
- Radiotherapy
- Transfusion Medicine
- Emergency Medicine
- MS in Ophthalmology
DM Courses
- Cardiology
- Clinical Hematology
- Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology
- Critical Care Medicine
- Endocrinology
- Gastroenterology
- Medical Genetics
- Neonatology
- Nephrology
- Neurology
- Pediatrics
- Gastroenterology
- Pulmonary Medicine
M.Ch. Courses
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery
- Endocrine Surgery
- Neurosurgery
- Pediatric Surgery
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
- Surgical Gastroenterology
- Urology
PDAF (Post-doctoral Courses)
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anaesthesia
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Neuro-anaesthesia and Neuro Critical Care
- Organ transplant Anaesthesia
- Pain and Palliative Care Medicine
PDCC (Post-doctoral Certificate Course)
- Apheresis Technology & Blood Component Therapy
- Breast Surgery
- Clinical Genetics & Genomics
- Critical Care Medicine
- Correlative Imaging
- Radionuclide Therapy
- Emergency Medicine
- Hemato-Oncology
- Pediatric Hematology
- Hemato-Pathology
- Infectious Disease
- Interventional Pulmonary
- Immunology
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine
- Neonatology
- Neuro-Otology
- Ophthalmology
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Pediatric Gastroenterology
- Renal Pathology
- Gastro-radiology
- Neuro-radiology
- Vascular Radiology
Health and Allied Science Courses:
Undergraduate Courses
- Sc. Nursing
- Bachelor of Physiotherapy (B.P.T)
- Sc. in Anesthesia Technology
- Sc. in Radio-diagnosis and Imaging Technology
- Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (Hematology)
- Sc. in Operation Theatre Technology
- Sc. in Perfusion Technology
- Sc. in Renal Dialysis Technology
- Sc. in Radiotherapy Technology
- Sc. in Respiratory Care Technology
- Bachelor of Physiotherapy (B.P.T)
Masters’ Courses
- Sc. in Medical Biotechnology (Hematology)
- Sc. in Genetics Counselling (Medical Genetics)
- Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (Medical Virology)
- Sc.in Medical Laboratory Technology (Transfusion Medicine)
- Sc. in Radio pharmacy and Molecular Imaging (Nuclear Medicine)
- Sc. in Nuclear Medicine Technology (Nuclear Medicine)
- Sc. Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology
MHA (Master in Hospital Administration)
One-year Diploma Course in Telemedicine and Digital Health
Short-term and Long-term training sponsored by Government or other agencies is available in all the departments.
Ph. D. Courses (in all the available departments)
Admission Process at SGPGIMS, Lucknow
MD/MS Courses: Admission to MD/MS Courses is done through the NEET-PG entrance examination. NEET-PG is a single window entrance exam for admission to various MD/MS courses offered at SGPGIMS. Aspiring candidates are required to crack the NEET-PG exam with the required cut-off score and later, appear for the All India Quota counselling and State counselling. It is always advised to go through the number of seats available in the respective courses a candidate is interested in.
DM and M.Ch. Courses: The admission to DM and M.Ch. Courses is done through the NEET-SS entrance examination. NEET-SS is a single window entrance examination for admission to various DM/M.Ch and DrNB Super Specialty courses.
SR(HS)/PDC/PDAF/Sr. Demonstrator/Statistical Fellows: The admissions to SR(HS)/PDC/PDAF/Sr. Demonstrator/Statistical Fellows are done through the entrance examinations conducted by the Institute itself.
Doctoral Programme (Ph.D.):
- Written aptitude test: Eligible candidates can appear for the written aptitude test. Depending on his or her prior training experience, a candidate may choose one of the three exam alternatives given, namely physical sciences, biological sciences, or medical sciences. The minimum percentage for clearing the aptitude test and qualify for the second step is 55% marks (50% for SC/ST/OBC candidates).
- Departmental test: Candidates’ practical knowledge of the topic and aptitude for research and teaching are evaluated in this test, which is administered by the departmental faculty. Applicants are invited to the Director’s interview only if the aspirants receive at least 55% marks (50% for SC/ST/OBC candidates).
- Director’s Interview: A selection committee led by the director or the director’s nominee conducts an interview with the applicant.
- Marks distribution: The selection is based on the rank made from the aggregate marks of the three components i.e., 60% theory examination, 20% departmental test, and 20% selection committee interview.
- Applicants who passed the CSIR/UGC joint yearly examination for junior research fellowships are exempted from the written exam and may be considered for direct admission to the Ph.D. programme following a departmental test or interview at any point throughout the year.
Number of Seats at SGPGIMS, Lucknow
The number of seats available at SGPGIMS, Lucknow for all the courses is mentioned below:
| Courses | Total Number of Seats |
| DM | 52 |
| M.Ch. | 29 |
| MD | 45 |
| 25 | |
| PDAF | 36 |
| PDCC | 47 |
| MHA | 06 |
| BSc (Nursing) | 40 |
Fee Structure of Medical Courses at SGPGIMS, Lucknow
Fee Structure for MD/MS Courses:
| S. No. | Particulars | Fees for MD/MS Courses (in Rs.) | ||
| 1st Year | 2nd Year | 3rd Year | ||
| 1 | Admission Fees | 5,000 | – | – |
| 2 | Course Fees | 35,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 |
| 3 | Examination Fees | – | – | 2,500 |
| 4 | Enrollment Fees | 500 | – | – |
| 5 | Degree/Diploma Certificate Fees | – | – | 300 |
| 6 | Migration Certificate Fees | – | – | 300 |
| 7 | Caution Money (Refundable) | 20,000 | – | – |
| 8 | Library Fees | 500 | 500 | 500 |
| Total | 61,000 | 35,500 | 38,600 | |
Additionally, Medical Subscription Fee of Rs. 1800/- is submitted annually.
Fee Structure for DM/M.Ch. Courses:
| S. No. | Particulars | Fees for DM/M.Ch. (In Rs.) | ||
| 1st Year | 2nd Year | 3rd Year | ||
| 1 | Admission Fees | 5,000 | – | – |
| 2 | Course Fees | 45,000 | 45,000 | 45,000 |
| 3 | Examination Fees | – | 2,500 | |
| 4 | Enrollment Fees | 500 | – | – |
| 5 | Degree/Diploma Certificate Fee | – | – | 300 |
| 6 | Migration Certificate Fees | – | – | 300 |
| 7 | Caution Money (Refundable) | 20,000 | – | – |
| 8 | Library Fees | 500 | 500 | 500 |
| Total | 71,000 | 45,500 | 48,600 | |
Additionally, Medical Subscription Fee of Rs. 1800/- is submitted annually.
Fee Structure for PDCC Courses/PDAF:
| S. No. | Particulars | Fees (in Rs.) |
| 1 | Admission Fees | 5,000 |
| 2 | Course Fees | 45,000 |
| 3 | Examination Fees | 2,500 |
| 4 | Enrollment Fees | 500 |
| 5 | Degree/Diploma Certificate Fees | 300 |
| 6 | Migration Certificate Fees | 300 |
| 7 | Caution Money (Refundable) | 20,000 |
| 8 | Library Fees | 500 |
| Total | 74,100 |
Additionally, Medical Subscription Fee of Rs. 1800/- is submitted annually.
Fee Structure for PDC Courses:
| S. No. | Particulars | Fees (in Rs.) |
| 1 | Course Fees | 45,000 |
| 2 | Caution Money (refundable) | 20,000 |
| 3 | Library Fees | 500 |
| Total | 65,000 |
Additionally, Medical Subscription Fee of Rs. 1800/- is submitted annually.
Click here to know the complete information regarding admission at PGIMER, Chandigarh.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q 1. Is SGPGIMS a government college?
Ans. No, SGPGIMS is an autonomous body and is recognized by the Medical Council of India.
Q2. Does SGPGIMS have MBBS course?
Ans. No, SGPGIMS college doesn’t offers admission to the MBBS course. The courses offered includes DM, M.Ch, MD, PhD., post-doctoral fellowships, and postdoctoral certificate courses in various disciplines. Additionally, it offers senior residency training programmes, B.Sc. Nursing course and B.Sc./M.Sc. paramedical technology courses in allied sciences.
Q3. How many seats are there for MD courses at SGPGIMS, Lucknow?
Ans. There are about 45 seats in total for MD Courses at SGPGIMS, Lucknow.
Medicine in its entirety is one full course, with an enormous amount of information and a lot of studying involved. The subject has everything inculcated into it, right from the pathogenesis of a disease, involving physiology, pathology, microbiology, and anatomy, to the management and treatment involving biochemistry and pharmacology. Hence, if your first three years in college have been academically well and you have got your concepts clear, then you will face least pressure when you study medicine.
MBBS Prof Exam Pattern
According to the current CBME curriculum, the MBBS prof exam for the General Medicine subject consists of two theoretical exams for 100 marks each, and the practical examination (Practical/Clinical + Viva) of 200 marks. The theoretical exam has a variety of question types, such as structured essays (long answer questions, or LAQ), short response questions, and objective questions (MCQs and IBQs).
Along with the core medicine, the prof examination will also include questions covering allied subjects, psychiatry and dermatology.
Important Topics of Medicine for MBBS Prof Exams, NEET-PG, and INI-CET Entrance Examination
Focus on early preparation for both professional examinations and competitive entrance exams if you intend to pursue postgraduate studies. NEET-PG/NExT and INI-CET are now India’s two top entrance exams. The subject weightage of Medicine and its allied courses is about 35 questions each in the INI-CET and NEET PG entrance examinations.
High-yielding topics are an essential part of a successful study strategy that will boost your test-taking performance. You must plan study sessions carefully, placing an emphasis on time management, high-yielding topics from each course, and, most importantly, health.
Here’s a list of high-yielding topics of Medicine for NEET-PG, INI-CET, and MBBS Prof exams:
HEMATOLOGY
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
- Aplastic anemia
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Management of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Clinical features and management of Polycythemia rubra vera
- Thrombocytopenia
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
- Clinical features and management of Leptospirosis
- Brucellosis
- Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Rabies along with clinical features and prophylaxis
- Clinical features and management of Scrub Typhus and the neurological manifestations of scrub typhus
- Gonorrhea
- Elephantiasis
- Dengue fever, Investigations, and management
- Antiretroviral Drugs, HIV and TB, PEP for HIV
- DOTS
- Bird flu
- Complications of Ascariasis
- Treatment of Falciparum malaria
- Neurocysticercosis
- Ebola virus disease
- Clinical Features and treatment of Typhoid
- Opportunistic infections in AIDS
- Lab diagnosis of HIV
- Complications of malaria
- Anaerobic infections
- MDR TB
- AIDS defining illness
- H1N1 diseases
- COVID 19 Disease
CVS
- Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Infective endocarditis
- Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Congestive heart failure
- Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Common causes of Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular septal defect
- Clinical features, investigations, and management of Myocardial infarction
- Management of MI at a PHC
- Clinical features of Constrictive pericarditis & its management
- Causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, investigations, complications, and treatment of Acute left heart failure (Pulmonary edema)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Investigations and management of Pulmonary embolism
- Respiratory failure: types and causes
- Pathology and clinical features of Carcinoma lung
- Paraneoplastic manifestations of carcinoma lung
- Nosocomial pneumonia
- Etiology, c/f, investigations, and treatment of Community acquired pneumonia
- Factors precipitating Bronchial Asthma
- Lung abscess
- Etiology, pathogenesis, CF & management of Bronchial carcinoma
- Pneumothorax
- Acute severe asthma
RENAL
- Investigations and management of Renal artery stenosis
- Assessment of Kidney diseases
- Pathophysiology and investigations of Acute Kidney Injury
- Adult dominant polycystic kidney diseases
- Nephrotic syndrome-Etiopathogenesis, C/F, investigations, & management
- Etiology, Pathogenesis, clinical features, & management of acute tubular necrosis
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Acute renal failure
- Haemo-dialysis
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Chronic renal failure
- CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis)
GIT AND HEPATOBILIARY
- Chronic diarrhea
- Acute pancreatitis
- Management of H. Pylori and peptic ulcer
- Portal Hypertension
- Coeliac disease
- Complication of cirrhosis
- Diagnosis and management of Hepatic encephalopathy
- Budd-Chiaris’ syndrome
- Traveler’s diarrhea
- Pathogenesis and management of Cirrhotic ascites
- Management of a case of hematemesis due to acute variceal bleed
- Clinical features, investigations & differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis
- Causes of Upper GI bleed
- Investigations & management of tubercular ascites
- Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- IBD
- Chronic hepatitis
- Amoebic liver abscess
- Abdominal TB
- Fatty liver
- NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
- Chronic Hepatitis B
IMMUNOLOGY ANF RHEUMATOLOGY
- Clinical features, investigations, & management of Rheumatoid arthritis along with extra articular manifestations of R
- Diagnosis of SLE
- Clinical features, diagnosis & management of Myasthenia gravis
- Clinical features and lab finding of Ankylosing spondylitis
- List of common vasculitis disorders.
- Describe clinical manifestations and treatment of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner’s Granulomatosis)
- Scleroderma
- Cutaneous manifestations of SLE
ENDOCRINOLOGY
- Thyrotoxic crisis
- Clinical features of Adrenal insufficiency & its management
- Differentiate Hypoglycemic coma from Diabetic coma
- Addison’s disease
- Graves’ disease
- Diagnosis and management of Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Myxedema coma
- Prolactinoma
- Complications of diabetes
- Cushing syndrome
- Acromegaly
- Differentiate b/w hyper and hypo glycemic coma
- Diagnosis of Metabolic syndrome
- SIADH
- Rickets
- Hypothyroidism: CF, Investigations, and management
- Thyroid storm management
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage & its management
- Differentiate Tubercular from Pyogenic meningitis
- Infective polyneuritis
- Acute mountain sickness
- C/F, diagnosis, and management of Ischemic stroke
- Management of Status epilepticus
- Guillain- Barre syndrome
- Facial palsy
- Meningitis: Tubercular and Pyogenic
- Drugs used for decongestion of brain cell edema
- C/F of cerebellar disorders
- C/F and causes of peripheral neuropathy
- Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Anti-epileptic drugs, types of epilepsy & management of epilepsy
- Classification of cerebrovascular accidents, their Causes and Management
POISONING
- Ethylene glycol poisoning
- Management of insecticide poisoning
- Diagnosis and management of Organophosphate poisoning
- Treatment of aluminium phosphide poisoning
- Agents causing Methemoglobinemia and their management
- Barbiturate poisoning
- Snake Bite
ELECTROLYTES AND FLUIDS & NUTRITION
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Schilling test
- Enteral nutrition
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Vitamin D
- Nutritional deficiencies causing polyneuropathy
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyponatremia
- Hypoglycemia
- Metabolic acidosis
DERMATOLOGY [ Subject carries total 15 marks in university exams]
- Genital herpes simplex
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- Alopecia
- Psoriasis and its treatment
- Scabies
- Atopic eczema
- Drug Eruptions
- Lepra reactions
- Photosensitivity
- DDs of bullous lesions
- Sexually transmitted viral infections
- Angioedema
- Treatment of Acne vulgaris
- Urticaria
- Deep folliculitis and cellulitis
- Mucocutaneous manifestations of SLE
- Erythema multiforme
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Lichen planus
- Tinea infections
- Secondary syphilis
PSYCHIATRY [Subject carries total 15 marks in university exam]
- Somatoform disorders
- Neuropsychiatric manifestations of chronic alcoholism
- Antidepressant drugs
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bipolar disorder and its treatment
- Substance abuse & Substance misuse disorder
- Anxiety disorder
- Factitious disorders and Malingering
- Anti-Psychotic disorders
- Acute dependence
- Medically unexplained somatic symptoms
- Effects of alcohol on CNS
- Dissociative disorders
- OCD
- Diagnosis and Management of Schizophrenia
- PTSD
- Delirium
- Diagnosis of depression and Depressive disorders
- Acute cocaine intoxication and complications
- Cannabis misuse
- Sedative misuse
- Phobic disorders
MISCELLANEOUS
- Fever with Lymphadenopathy
- Fever with Splenomegaly
- Fever with Thrombocytopenia
- Clubbing
- Marfan syndrome
- Patterns of inheritance of genetic disorders
- Genetic counselling: it’s indications and principles
- Gene therapy
- X-linked diseases
- Malignant Hypertension
- PCR
- Methods of genetic testing
- Methotrexate
All the above mentioned are the most important topics for the medicine exam, that you cannot afford to miss for your university examinations.
Medicine for Undergrads is one of the best online medicine courses, designed by Dr. Archith Boloor, one of the most renowned professors in the medical field. Because of his distinctive approach to idea simplification, his publications “Exam Preparation Manual for Undergraduates: Medicine” and “An Insider’s Guide to Clinical Medicine” have already earned a vital position on the shelves of the majority of medical undergraduates. Recent revisions to the CBME curriculum have emphasized the integration of all courses as well as the improvement of students’ procedural abilities. In CBME, case-based learning has been the primary focus, and even the exam question format is case-based. This unique method of learning the material has been effectively incorporated into the course video lectures. This course will aid the students in strengthening their understanding of the following:
- reviewing the patient’s medical history
- performing a clinical examination
- comprehending the treatment strategy for various diseases
In order to contribute to the learning outcomes of this course, the theoretical principles pertinent to varied circumstances are presented systematically together with important case discussions. A separate section has been devoted to the discussion of the fundamentals of system-wise examination since case taking and clinical examination constitute the cornerstones of clinical practice.
In order to make the procedure easier for the students, case sheets and diagnosis forms are presented with examples. Using case studies and identification points for numerous disorders that may be examined, the fundamentals of ECG and X-rays have been clearly taught. For the purpose of preparing the students for the NEET-PG, INI-CET, PLAB, or any other post-graduate exam, the lectures will aid in anchoring high-yield topics by comprehending them at their core.
Click here to know the Important topics of Surgery in MBBS.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
-
Which is the best Indian Author book for studying medicine?
Ans: An Insider’s Guide to Clinical Medicine by Archith Boloor & Anudeep Padakanti, Exam preparatory manual for Undergraduates: Medicine by Archith Boloor and Ramadas Nayak are among the best Indian author books for studying medicine.
-
Where can I find an affordable yet comprehensive online course for medicine?
Ans: The best medicine course online 2023, which is knowledgeable, clinically up to date, and still very affordable Dr. Archith Boloor’ Medicine for UnderGrads course.
The NEET PG 2023 exam was conducted on 5th March 2023 by NBE for admission to various MD/MS/DNB/Diploma Courses of 2023-24 academic session. Around 2,08,898 aspirants appeared for the NEET PG 2023 exam at 902 examination centres across 277 cities.
NEET PG 2023 Result Date
The NEET PG 2023 result was declared on 14th March 2023 and can be seen at the NBEMS website, https://natboard.edu.in/ and https://nbe.edu.in. Candidates can check their score and rankings on these websites.
The individual score card of the candidates appeared in NEET PG 2023 will be available on/after 25th March 2023.
The merit position for seats allocated under the 50% All India Quota will be announced separately. The States/UTs should produce the final merit list/category-wise merit list for State quota seats in accordance with their qualifying/eligibility requirements, applicable guidelines/regulations, and reservation policy.
NEET PG 2023 Cut-off Score
The highest marks scored by NEET PG 2023 topper is 725 out of 800 marks. This year, around 20 students scored 700+ marks and about 400 students scored 650+ in the entrance exam. According to analysis of exam paper, the NEET PG 2023 difficulty level was moderate.
The NEET PG 2023 cut-off marks for various categories are as follows in compliance with the minimal qualifying/eligibility requirements for admission to MD/MS/DNB/Diploma Programmes as stated in the NEET-PG 2023 Information Bulletin:
| Category | Minimum Qualifying/Eligibility Criteria | NEET-PG Cut-off Scores (Out of 800) |
| General/EWS | 50th Percentile | 291 |
| General-PwBD | 45th Percentile | 274 |
| SC/ST/OBC (Including PwBD of SC/ST/OBC) | 40th Percentile | 257 |
According to the subject matter experts of the concerned specialty, there were no technically incorrect or ambiguous questions found in the NEET PG 2023 question paper.
NEET PG 2023 Counselling
The NEET PG counselling 2023 is done by Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) for all the medical colleges under AIQ, State/Central and Deemed category. For admission at AFMC, Pune MCC only conducts its registration part and the further procedure is conducted by AFMC itself and hence, candidates must visit their official site.
The registration for the counselling can be done on Medical Counselling Committee website, www.mcc.nic.in through online mode only.
Counselling Procedure and Rounds
There will be four counselling rounds:
| Rounds | Types of Counselling |
| Round 1 (Conducted by MCC) | AIQ, Deemed University, Central University/Institutes, DNB |
| Round 2 (Conducted by MCC) | AIQ, Deemed University, Central University/Institutes, DNB |
| Mop-Up Round- (Conducted by MCC) | AIQ, Deemed University, Central University/Institutes, DNB |
| Stray Vacancy Round- Conducted by MCC for AIQ, Central University/Institutes and DNB Offline – By respective Deemed University | AIQ, Deemed University, Central University/Institutes, DNB |
Open seats-domicile free includes:
- 50% All India Quota seats
- 50% Seats of BHU
- 50% Seats of AMU
- 50% All India Quota seats of DU/Central Institutes (VMMC & SJH, ABVIMS & RML, ESIC, Basaidarapur)
- 100% DNB
Reservation Policy
The Central Government’s Reservation Policy for the NEET-PG Counselling in the All India Quota is as follows:
| Category | Reservation of Seats |
| SC | 15% |
| ST | 7.5% |
| OBC – Non-Creamy Layer | 27% |
| EWS (as per Central Government norms) | 10% |
| PwD (Horizontal Reservation as per NMC norms) | 5% |
Fees to be paid at the time of Counselling Registration
At the time of registration, students are required to submit two kinds of fee, one is Non-Refundable Registration Fee and other is Refundable Security Deposit.
a. Non-Refundable Registration Fee
-
- For AIQ /Central University/ESIC/DNB, the Non-Refundable Registration Fee is Rs. 1000/- for UR/EWS candidates & Rs. 500/- for SC/ ST/ OBC/ PwD candidates.
- For Deemed University candidates, the Non-Refundable Registration Fee is Rs. 5000/-.
b. Refundable Security Deposit
Refundable Security Deposit will be refunded to candidates after joining the allotted college or if candidate did not get any seat during counselling procedure to the same account from which payment had been made.
-
- For AIQ/Central University/ESIC/DNBUR, the Refundable Security Deposit is Rs. 25,000/- for EWS candidates and Rs. 10,000/- for SC/ST/OBC/PwD candidates.
(e.g., Any SC candidate opting for AIQ only will pay registration fee of Rs. 500/- + Rs. 10,000/- Refundable Security Deposit)
- For AIQ/Central University/ESIC/DNBUR, the Refundable Security Deposit is Rs. 25,000/- for EWS candidates and Rs. 10,000/- for SC/ST/OBC/PwD candidates.
-
- For Deemed Universities, the Refundable Security Deposit is Rs. 2,00,000/.
(e.g., Any candidate opting for Deemed University will have to pay Rs. 5000/- Non- Refundable fee + Rs. 2,00,000/- Refundable Security Deposit at the time of registration).
- For Deemed Universities, the Refundable Security Deposit is Rs. 2,00,000/.
NEET PG Counselling 2023 Schedule
Round 1 Counselling Schedule
| Round 1 Counselling Schedule | |
| Events | Date |
| Registration/Payment | 27th July 2023 to 1st August 2023 (up to 12:00 PM) |
| Choice Filling | 28th July 2023 to 2nd August 2023 (till 11:55 PM) |
| Choice Locking | 2nd August 2023 (from 03:00 PM to 11:55 PM) |
| Processing of Seat Allotment | 3rd August 2023 to 4th August 2023 |
| Counselling Result | 5th August 2023 |
| Uploading of Documents on MCC Portal by Candidates | 6th August 2023 |
| Reporting/Joining at College | 7th August 2023 to 13th August 2023 |
| Verification of Joined Candidates Data by Institutes | 14th August 2023 to 16th August 2023 |
Round 2 Counselling Schedule
| Round 2 Counselling Schedule | |
| Events | Date |
| Verification of Tentative Seat Matrix by the Participating Institutes | 17th August 2023
|
| Registration/Payment | 17th August 2023 to 21st August 2023 (up to 12:00 PM) |
| Choice Filling | 18th August 2023 to 22nd August 2023 (till 11:55 PM) |
| Choice Locking | 22nd August 2023 (Starting from 03:00 PM to 11:55 PM) |
| Processing of Seat Allotment | 23rd August 2023 to 24th August 2023 |
| Counselling Result | 25th August 2023 |
| Uploading of Documents on MCC Portal by Candidates | 26th August 2023 |
| Reporting/Joining at College | 27th August 2023 to 4th September 2023 |
| Verification of Joined Candidates Data by Institutes | 5th September 2023 to 6th September 2023 |
Round 3 Counselling Schedule
| Round 3 Counselling Schedule | |
| Events | Date |
| Verification of Tentative Seat Matrix by the Participating Institutes | 7th September 2023 |
| Registration/Payment | 7th September 2023 to 12th September 2023 (up to 12:00 PM) |
| Choice Filling | 8th September 2023 to 13th September 2023 (till 11:55 PM) |
| Choice Locking | 13th September 2023 (from 03:00 PM to 11:55 PM) |
| Processing of Seat Allotment | 14th September 2023 to 15th September 2023 |
| Counselling Result | 16th September 2023 |
| Uploading of Documents on MCC Portal by Candidates | 17th September 2023 |
| Reporting/Joining at College | 18th September 2023 to 25th September 2023 |
| Verification of Joined Candidates Data by Institutes | 26th September 2023 to 27th September 2023 |
Stray Vacancy Round Counselling Schedule
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The subjects included in the fourth year of MBBS curriculum are General Medicine, Dermatology, Psychiatry, General Surgery, Anaesthesiology, Orthopaedics, Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics.
A medical student must always refer to the latest editions of the book to get the updated information revised according to the CBME curriculum.
Here’s a list of recommended books for MBBS 4th Year students:
Best Books for General Medicine
| Book | Author | Desciption |
| An Insider’s Guide to Clinical Medicine | Archith Boloor & Anudeep Padakanti |
✓ X-rays, Spotters, Common Medicines, and Instruments are included that assists in making an early diagnosis. ✓ Contains thorough material organised in little boxes and figures, making it a convenient resource for revision. ✓ Discusses model cases and conventional presentations. ✓ Only book including chapters on mental disorders, geriatric evaluation, and rheumatology. ✓ Case sheet and diagnostic formats are included for cases in each system. ✓ With clear conceptual explanations and lots of visual memory aids, it is simple to read. |
| Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Medicine | Archith Boloor & Ramadas Nayak |
✓ Includes all the reading material a medical student at the undergraduate level would need. ✓ Simple to read, filled with visual memory and intellectual explanations. ✓ It is a ready reckoner since it contains complete information in little boxes and figures. ✓ High-yield points for the MRCP, NEET, and other competitive examinations have been included. |
| Self-Assessment & Review Medicine (Part A & B) | Mudit Khanna |
✓ ‘Essential Revision Notes’ are provided before each chapter to revise all relevant and crucial topics in a more systematic manner. ✓ The book methodically approaches “medicine” by segmenting its information into clinical chapters and then into logical ideas and themes. ✓ Harrison’s and CMDT’s most recent editions have been completely updated and reviewed in the book. ✓ Presents the most crucial information in a way that is “simple to recall,” including flow diagrams and tabulation. ✓ Includes a big database of questions from prior entrance exams. ✓ Dedicated section for IBQs. |
| Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (Volume I & Volume II) | J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, & Joseph Loscalzo |
✓ More than a thousand clinical, pathological, and radiographic images, and schematic diagrams are included. ✓ Clinically relevant decision trees and algorithms for diagnosis and treatment are included. ✓ The latest version has been completely updated with pertinent new chapters and significant revisions throughout the field of internal medicine. |
Best Books for General Surgery
| Book | Author | Description |
| SRB’s Manual of Surgery | Sriram Bhat M |
✓ Each chapter begins with surgical anatomy and physiology, important pertinent investigations, and a discussion of many issues in a systematic order to give readers a flow of ideas and materials with clear language. ✓ Every chapter is aligned in accordance with the CBME curriculum. ✓ Case scenarios are supplemented with brief clinical details and related images. ✓ Throughout all chapters, novel therapy modalities, concepts, and recent advancements are introduced. ✓ The book provides complimentary online learning resources:
|
| Surgery Essence | Pritesh kumar Singh |
✓ The annexures contain triads, signals, investigations of options, and subjects based on the “most prevalent” types of questions to save time and aids in revision. ✓ IBQs are added for the PG entrance exam preparation. ✓ Synopsis is included before questions to help students understand the ideas and save time. ✓ New pattern based on NBE (wider coverage, concept development, one-liner approach) is included. ✓ Solved Multiple-Choice Questions (PGMEEs 2022-1985), including all recent ones (2022-2013) are added. ✓ Crucial information is highlighted in gold. ✓ Line diagrams and mnemonics are also provided. |
| SRB’s Clinical Methods in Surgery | Sriram Bhat M |
✓ Each chapter includes information on clinical assessment techniques, investigations, and a concise summary of all surgically relevant disorders. ✓ Basic general examinations are appropriately described using examples. ✓ Provides thorough instructions for clinical evaluation along with top-notch images and graphics. ✓ The book emphasises the need of thorough clinical examinations for determining the best diagnosis, course of therapy, and follow-up. ✓ Every topic includes discussion of differential diagnosis. ✓ Several chapters offer case discussions to show students how precisely clinical examination questions are phrased. ✓ Clinical pearls are included as surgical wisdom in a few chapters and are crucial while treating surgical patients. ✓ At the conclusion, there are chapters on instruments, X-rays, and specimens for a rapid glance during the practical exam in surgery. ✓ Students can scan the QR codes and access the case demonstration videos(typical surgical situations). |
| Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery: International Student’s Edition (set volume 1 & 2) | Norman Williams, P Ronan O’Connell & Andrew McCaskie |
✓ Chapter contains summary boxes with important information throughout the text. ✓ Tables, pictures, and diagrams’ uniform design and format make it easier to grasp difficult ideas. ✓ Also contains algorithms to help the reader comprehend patient care pathways. ✓ The book highlights recent significant advancements in surgical practise and those that are predicted to have a significant impact over the next ten years. ✓ Also covers paediatric surgery and organ transplantation in more detail. ✓ Readers may access supplemental material on the dedicated Bailey & Love website, which also has extended content, videos, and other tools. ✓ The pillars of safe clinical practise continue to be a thorough history taking, observation, logical reasoning, technical expertise, and postoperative patient care and is explained in the book for the students. |
Best Book for Psychiatry
| Book | Author | Description |
| Review of Psychiatry | Praveen Tripathi |
✓ The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, has been completely revised (DSM-5). ✓ This book has been developed keeping in mind the demands of students preparing for different postgraduate entrance examinations and MCI screening test. ✓ Updated completely with ICD-11. ✓ INI-CET pattern questions have been updated. ✓ Issues like the Mental Health Care Act have been updated. ✓ Updated based on the 10th editions of the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry by Kaplan and Sadock and the 7th edition of the Short Textbook of Psychiatry. ✓ Includes IBQs. |
Best Books for Pediatrics
| Book | Author | Description |
| Review of Pediatrics & Neonatology | Apurv Mehra, Meenakshi Bothra Gupta & Taruna Mehra |
✓ To help students become familiar with current trends and test patterns, the book is enhanced with more than 3200 MCQs that are organised chronologically with recent questions. ✓ Provides a brief, point-by-point summary of each chapter, including high-yield points, mnemonics, and flow diagrams. ✓ The chapters have been divided into three sections: General Paediatrics, Neonatology, and Systemic Paediatrics. ✓ Developmental stages, prominent characteristics of significant metabolic illnesses, significant genetic syndromes, a list of “Most Common” and many other crucial high-yielding topics for last-minute review are included in the annexures. ✓ Over 500 completely coloured photos are included. ✓ Under the guise of an “integrated approach,” questions with an emphasis on images have been offered. |
| Ghai Essential Pediatrics | Vinod K. Paul & Arvind Bagga |
✓ Excellently drawn tables, graphs, and flowcharts are provided throughout the book and explanations are simple to grasp. ✓ Every chapter generally has “Suggested Reading” at the conclusion in case a student wishes to go more into the subject. ✓ The chapters on growth, adolescent health, vaccination, infection, the gastrointestinal system, malignancies, and inborn metabolic defects have all undergone considerable rewriting and revision in the latest edition. ✓ With a wide range of distinguished authors, this paediatrics textbook is the most favoured and trusted in India for both undergraduate and graduate students. |
| Exam preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Pediatrics | Snehal Patel, Halak Vasavada |
✓ Sample case presentations with frequently asked questions in viva are part of a special practical paediatrics chapter. ✓ A brand-new chapter on Covid-19 and the Covid 19 vaccinations contains myths, tragedies, and brilliant ideas is included in the latest edition of the book. ✓ For typical ward operations and competences, there are brief video snippets. ✓ Include clinical case studies at the conclusion of each chapter. ✓ Rational investigative technique, bedside realistic interpretations of frequent investigations are included. ✓ Important clinical tips in each topic—a must remember. ✓ Using flowcharts, tables, and figures, create a reader-friendly question-and-answer presentation. |
| UG Textbook of Pediatrics | Piyush Gupta |
✓ Diagrams, flowcharts, and clinical pictures are abundant throughout the book to aid with comprehension and recall. They really make up the majority of the book. ✓ The text is succinct, to the point, and yet comprehensive; it is interwoven with numerous Tables and Boxes, where necessary. ✓ Case Studies that demonstrate the typical outcomes of common diseases in children are sprinkled throughout the book as an addition. ✓ Each significant topic is followed by “In A Nutshell” overview of the main ideas. So, only reading these boxes can revise the entire text. ✓ The sentences are brief, the paragraphs are concise, and the jargon has been deconstructed to make the text easier to read. ✓ The design uses colour coding to identify treatment, case studies, revision points, tables, boxes, and recommended reading. |
Best Books for Orthopaedics
| Book | Author | Description |
| Essential Orthopedics: Principles & Practice (2 Volumes) | Manish Kumar Varshney |
✓ Updated and thoroughly edited to reflect the latest developments in the treatment of elective orthopaedic disorders. ✓ An orthopaedic trauma primer with a list of frequently occurring fractures has been included to the annexures. ✓ The foundational sciences of orthopaedics have been thoroughly covered. ✓ To establish linkage, sections are separated into bodily areas. ✓ The growth of Malunions, Musculoskeletal Imaging, Preoperative Planning, Nanotechnology, Orthopedics in the Digital Renaissance, and Neglected Trauma to Bones and Joints (Annexure 4) are a few of the new chapters that have been introduced. ✓ Addition of a large number of pertinent images and figures, as well as tabulation. ✓ Enhanced with more than 2200 insightful graphics. |
| Fundamentals of Orthopedics | Mukul Mohindra & Jitesh Kumar Jain |
✓ Simplifies and thoroughly covers orthopaedic problems that are on the edge, including the spine, polytrauma, metabolic bone disorders, arthritis, skeletal dysplasia, brachial plexus palsy, thoracic outlet syndrome, and soft tissue sarcomas. ✓ New chapter on sports injuries and their recovery is introduced. ✓ Offers more than 1000 well labelled photos with similes that show all clinical and radiological symptoms in orthopaedics as well as commonly used tools and implants. ✓ Discusses High-Yield Points at the conclusion of each topic that are directed towards the prevalent style of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) ✓ Includes questions from previous year’s MCQs with textual references for the answers. |
| Orthopedics Quick Review (OPQR) | Apurv Mehra |
✓ Succinct is exam-oriented material. ✓ Flowcharts that are self-explanatory. ✓ Images and diagrams that complement the text can help pupils comprehend fundamental ideas more clearly. ✓ Simple to remember mnemonics. ✓ After each chapter are possible Retro Analysis questions. ✓ “Summary of Ortho” is provided for quick review. ✓ Every student aiming for the Top Ranks in the PGMEE must read OPQR because Ortho is a subject that determines rank. ✓ In each topic, important topics are underlined. ✓ Genuine High Yield Questions with a fast revision designation are provided. |
| Chapman’s Comprehensive Orthopaedic Surgery (5 Vols.) | Michael W Chapman & Michelle A James |
✓ Offers in-depth coverage of the diagnosis, medical, surgical, and rehabilitative aspects of musculoskeletal problems. ✓ The 285 chapters and 12 speciality divisions are included. ✓ Detailed coverage with more than 13,000 additional tables, flowcharts, and 3D images in full colour are provided. ✓ Surgery methods are bulleted. ✓ Boxes on Pitfalls, Complications, and Tips & Tricks are provided. ✓ ‘Information at a glance’ is crucial thanks to the authors’ point of view. ✓ The digital edition comes with improved functionality and a video library. Videos are included in Chapters 45, 48, 138, 156, 158, 193, 259, 263, and 281. |
| Essential Orthopaedics | Maheshwari & Mhaskar |
✓ It becomes “all-in-one” book for UG students and residents when an annexure on “Clinical Methods” is included. ✓ Free online resources include clinical cases, multiple-choice questions, and practise tests. ✓ There are Competency/Learning Goals listed at the start of each chapter. ✓ A section titled “Additional Information: From the Point of View of Entrance Exams” is provided at the end of each chapter. ✓ Reviewing the definitions of various orthopaedic terminologies is made easier by the annexed “Orthopaedic Terminology” section. ✓ Each chapter ends with a question titled “What have we learned?” for a fast recap. ✓ For improved readability and comprehension, some graphics and X-rays have been changed. |
| Manipal Manual of Orthopaedics | Vivek Pandey |
✓ Content is readable, accurate, and pertinent. ✓ For ease of comprehension, the whole material has been split into two sections: trauma and cold orthopaedics. ✓ Includes pertinent graphs, flowcharts, schematics, and radiographs. ✓ For ease of comprehension and writing in exams, the majority of conditions provide the therapy as an algorithm with a written explanation. ✓ Has a tonne of revision boxes with Key Information, Notes, and Points-to-Remember highlighted. ✓ A brief description of the anatomy precedes each condition, which is then followed by pathology, clinical signs, a diagnosis, tests, and treatments. |
Best Books for Obstetrics & Gynecology
| Book | Author | Description |
| DC Dutta’s Textbook of Obstetrics (Including Perinatology & Contraception) | Hiralal Konar |
✓ Content is written in clear, plain language. ✓ Every chapter has the same, uniform information. ✓ 790 line drawings, pictures, photographs, boxes, tables, flowcharts, MR images, ultrasonograms, and skiagrams are included to enhance the text. ✓ Each chapter has undergone a comprehensive update and reorganisation to reflect modern obstetric treatment of the highest calibre. ✓ A lot of revisions and updates have been made to Ch. 13 Normal Labor, Ch. 39 Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring, Ch. 31, 32, and 33 on Perinatal Care, and Ch. 34 Analgesia and Anesthesia in Obstetrics. ✓ For ease of navigation, a list of the most used acronyms has been supplied. ✓ The supplemental reading material for advanced learning can be accessed with the QR codes. This strategy aims to support and get graduate students ready for their numerous exams. |
| DC Dutta’s Textbook of Gynecology | Hiralal Konar |
✓ This book’s presentation, which includes high-quality graphics and design, voluminous illustrations (366), excellent pictures (330), and imaging studies, is what makes it stand out. ✓ There are several tables, boxes, flowcharts, and algorithms included for repeatability and simplicity of study. ✓ The essential points are at the end of each chapter to offer an outline overview of the whole chapter. This is helpful for quick and simple review. ✓ Viva questions along with explanations and answers are given for the clinical and viva voce portions of the exam. |
| Self-Assessment & Review Gynecology | Sakshi Arora Hans |
✓ Completely edited and updated from Novak’s Gynecology, 15th edition, and William’s Gynecology, 3rd edition. ✓ Updates are based on the most recent revisions and recommendations. ✓ Contains a clear, full-color depiction of the text. ✓ Contains over 158 coloured pictures, USG, HSG photos, equipment, and specimens. ✓ Includes annexure tables for last minute revision. ✓ Includes all most recent tumours staging and treatment (Cervix, Vulva as per FIGO guidelines). ✓ Must-read material for taking a gynaecology test, including undergraduates, international medical graduates, interns, and post-interns. |
| Self-Assessment & Review Obstetrics | Sakshi Arora Hans |
✓ Content is thoroughly revised according to Williams Obstetrics 25/e. ✓ With the most recent question trends in mind, new pattern questions have been introduced to each chapter. ✓ Additional questions with images. ✓ Added a manual for CTG. ✓ Includes annexures for last-minute changes. ✓ Includes details of significant Instruments, Dopplers, and Ultrasounds. ✓ Topic of HIV is included. |
| Bedside Clinics in Gynecology | Arup Kumar Majhi |
✓ Chapters have been updated and edited as per the CBME curriculum. ✓ Topics covered in this book include history-taking and examinations, clinical cases, instruments, operations, specimens, and images. ✓ Includes all the topics that will be covered in the oral and practical exams. ✓ Enriched with 330 graphics and over 845 unique pictures. |
| Ward Rounds in Obstetrics & Gynecology | K Srinivas & Sunanda R Kulkarni |
✓ Incorporates case-based discussions and a problem-based learning strategy. ✓ Each chapter begins with the case history, examination, and investigations before addressing the topic followed by pertinent questions and pertinent responses. ✓ The book offers skill-transfer exercise in the form of in-depth case analyses, which are extremely helpful for both undergraduate and graduate students. ✓ This book’s discussion of intensive care unit (ICU) rounds, postoperative ward rounds, the examination of a victim of sexual assault, cardiac disease in pregnancy discussed by both the obstetrician and the cardiologist, some frequently encountered problems like vulval hematoma and fever in pregnancy, the use of bedside ultrasound in obstetrics, the discussion of invasive foetal procedures, etc. are some other unique aspects of the book. |
Best Books of Anaesthesiology
| Book | Author | Description |
| Anaesthesia Essence | Pritesh Singh & Usica Chandan |
✓ The latest edition of the book is thoroughly revised and updated including exam pattern questions, important annexures and image-based questions. ✓ The content is updated from Miller 8th/e, Morgan 5th/e, Lee 13th/e, Wiley 7th/e, Barash 7th/e, Stoelting 6th/e, Dorsch 5th/e. ✓ The book also provides the free online exam support. |
| Short Textbook of Anaesthesia | Ajay Yadav |
✓ Best for last-minute revision. ✓ Concentrates on the subjects that appear most frequently in pre-PG exams. ✓ A handy reference for anaesthetists in practice. ✓ Nine parts separate the text to make reading more comfortable. ✓ Key points are highlighted in italics. ✓ Each chapter’s conclusion includes a list of key points. ✓ Tabular overview of the themes has been provided, wherever necessary. ✓ Recent advancement and innovations in medications, tools, and methods are also included in the content. ✓ The American Heart Association’s (AHA) 2015 update serves as the foundation for CPR recommendations. |
Best Book for Radiology
| Book | Author | Description |
| Review of Radiology | Rajat Jain & Virendra Jain |
✓ Based on information and ideas from the CT and MRI (Haaga), CME Series, Som and Curtin 5th/e, Dahnert 8th/e, Grainger 6th/e, Sutton, Scott, and Rumack 4th/e textbooks. ✓ Updated image-based questions. ✓ New INI-CET pattern questions are included. ✓ Contains questions from the JIPMER, WBPGMEE (2018), All India (1991–2012), AIIMS (Nov 2021–1991–2012), DNB (2012–1991–2018), and Other State Examinations (2016-1991). ✓ The content included in General Radiology, Systemic Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Scans, Few Thumb Rules in Radiology, Image-based Questions is not only intended to prepare students for exams but also for their future clinical training and day-to-day hospital employment. |
Best Book for Dermatology & Venereology
| Book | Author | Description |
| Review of Dermatology | Saurabh Jindal |
✓ Full-color images that are incorporated with the chapter’s content. ✓ Mnemonics, high-yield charts, and memory aids are included. ✓ Conceptual diagrams have been hand-simplified in each chapter. ✓ For last-minute revision, there is a short review section at the end of each chapter. ✓ Based on Fitzpatrick 8/e, Rook’s 9/e, Bolognia 3/e, Habif 5/e, Andrews 11/e, McKee 4/e, King Holmes 4/e, Lever 10/e, and IAL 2/e of the newest standard textbooks. ✓ 807 additional full-color images and 200 additional full-color graphics are included. |
To get conceptual clarity on MBBS courses online, click here
Otorhinolaryngology subject is included in the third professional (Part 1) of the MBBS curriculum. Every subject of MBBS holds a great significance in their medical career as well as for scoring well in the exams and hence, no subject should be neglected by the students. During the MBBS programme, a medical graduate must become well versed in the principles of examination and management of common Ear, Nose, and throat diseases and become skilled to treat common diseases like CSOM and manage the Rx in emergency situations like upper airway obstruction.
MBBS Prof Exam Pattern
According to the new CBME curriculum, the otorhinolaryngology subject comprises one 100 marks theory prof exam and 100 marks practical/oral/clinical examination including viva. A medico needs to score a minimum of 50% marks to pass the university examination.
Important Topics of Otorhinolaryngology for MBBS Prof Exams, NEET-PG, and INI-CET Entrance Examination
A medico must concentrate on early preparation for both MBBS university exams as well as competitive exams. Currently, two major exams are conducted for admission to postgraduate medical courses, one is NEET-PG and the other is INI-CET. The weightage of the ENT subject is 8-10 questions in NEET-PG and 6-8 questions in the INI-CET entrance examination.
Here’s a list of important topics of Otorhinolaryngology for MBBS prof exams, NEET-PG, and INI-CET entrance examinations.
EAR
- Tympanic Membrane
- Middle ear
- Physiology of hearing
- Physiology of Vestibular system
- Rinne’s test, Schwabach’s & Weber’s test
- Pure tone audiometry
- Tympanometry
- Auditory brainstem response
- Conductive Hearing loss
- SNHL
- Ototoxicity
- Social and Legal aspects: Spontaneous Nystagmus, Romberg’s test, Fistula test, Gait, Dix Hallpike, Caloric test
- D/D Vertigo
- Otitis externa
- Malignant otitis externa
- Otomycosis
- Impacted wax
- Foreign bodies in ear
- Keratosis obturans
- Acute Suppurative Otitis Media (ASOM) – complete
- Otitis media with effusion (OME) – complete
- Otic barotrauma
- Cholesteatoma
- Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) – Complete
- Tuberculous osteomyelitis
- Mastoiditis
- Periostitis,
- Extradural abscess,
- Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis
- Otosclerosis (complete)
- Facial nerve- anat & topodiagnostic tests, causes of facial paralysis, and Bell’s palsy
- Ménière disease
- Acoustic neuroma
- Hearing loss in children (Deaf Child)- causes, evaluation, management
- Rehabilitation- Hearing aids classification,
- BAHA,
- Cochlear implants,
- Otalgia- causes
NOSE
- Ant lat wall of nose
- Nasal septum
- Furuncle of nose
- Deviated nasal septum (DNS)
- Nasal septal hematoma
- Perforated septum
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Rhinoscleroma
- Rhinosporidiosis
- Nasal myiasis
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea
- Allergic rhinitis
- Nasal Polyps- A/C polyps, Ethmoidal polyps, difference
- Epistaxis
- Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS
- Chronic rhinosinusitis (with and without polyps)
- CA maxillary sinus
SALIVARY GLANDS
- Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)
- Pleomorphic adenoma
PHARYNX
- Adenoids
- Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- Nasopharyngeal cancer
- Acute tonsillitis
- chronic tonsillitis
- Ludwig angina, Retropharyngeal abscess, Quinsy, Parapharyngeal abscess
- Snoring
- Sleep apnea
LARYNX
- Spaces of larynx
- Laryngotracheal trauma
- Stridor
- laryngeal paralysis (complete)
- Vocal polyp
- Laryngeal cancer
- Vocal rehabilitation
- Hoarseness
- Tracheostomy (complete)
- FB- air passages
OESOPHAGUS
- Constrictions + Physio deglutition
- Dysphagia
- FB in oesophagus
RECENT ADVANCES
- Laser
- HIV in ENT
SURGERIES
- Caldwell–Luc operation
- Laser submucosal resection (SMR)
- Septoplasty
- SMR vs Septoplasty
- Diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE)
- Laryngoscopy
- Esophagoscopy
- Bronchoscopy
- Tonsillectomy
- Adenoidectomy
- Mastoiditis
- Periostitis
- Epidural abscess
- Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis
All the above-mentioned topics are NEET PG 2023 high-yielding topics and are frequently asked in the university examination as well.
Important Topics of ENT for MBBS Practical Examination
A medical student must attend all the practical sessions and ward postings in the ENT department to get familiarized with common ENT-related diseases and their diagnostic and treatment methods. The practical skills and knowledge gained during the ward posting help a lot in scoring during the examination.
Here’s a list of key topics for the MBBS practical examination.
- Clinical methods- Ear & Nose
- Myringotomy and Myringoplasty
- Cortical, Radical, and MR mastoidectomy
- Laser submucosal resection (SMR)
- Septoplasty
- SMR vs Septoplasty
- Diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE)
- Laryngoscopy
- Esophagoscopy
- Bronchoscopy
- Tonsillectomy
- Adenoidectomy
- Mastoiditis
- Periostitis
- Epidural abscess
- Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis
- Otalgia
- Tracheostomy
- FB-air passages
- FB-esophagus
- Acute and Chronic Tonsillitis
Click here to know the important topics of Microbiology for NEET-PG.
Click here to know the important topics of Community Medicine for NEET-PG.
Click here to know the important topics of Pharmacology for NEET-PG.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What book should I read for ENT?
Ans- Self-Assessment & Review: ENT by Sakshi Arora Hans and Diseases of Ear, Nose, and Throat: with Head & Neck Surgery by PL Dhingra are the recommended books on ENT for medical students.
Q2. Can an ENT surgeon become a neurosurgeon?
Ans- Yes, as per the NMC guidelines, ENT surgeons can become neurosurgeons. The MS ENT and MS Surgery are the eligibility requirements to pursue a specialization in neurosurgery.
Q3. Is ENT a Medicine or surgery specialty?
Ans- ENT is a surgical specialty. Interested medical graduates can pursue MS ENT after completing their MBBS and cracking the PG entrance examination.
Q4. What is the average salary of an ENT surgeon in India?
Ans- The average salary of an ENT surgeon is around 10-15 lakhs per annum at the start of their career.
The field of Ophthalmology focuses on conditions affecting the eyes. A medical professional will have the chance to be at the forefront of patient care by choosing to become an ophthalmologist. One is involved in all phases of illness diagnosis and treatment.
Ophthalmologist Career Path
A medical student needs to follow the below-mentioned procedure to become a top Ophthalmologist:
- Crack NEET-UG entrance exam with competitive score to get admission into the MBBS course.
- Complete the undergraduate medical course- MBBS with an impressive Grade Point Average (GPA).
- Prepare and crack the NEET-PG entrance exam with competitive score to get admission in the MD/MS Ophthalmology specialty.
- Complete a post-graduation degree in Ophthalmology.
- Complete your residency program, gain experience and get licensed.
- Further, there are options to pursue super-specialization or research.
Only by fulfilling these requirements can one become an ophthalmologist; nonetheless, a medical student’s knowledge and abilities will determine whether or not they become a renowned ophthalmologist. From the time one enrols for the MBBS course, to the time one starts preparing for MD entrance, and finally doing a master’s and acquiring the MD degree in Ophthalmology, one needs to possess clarity in concepts. They must possess in-depth knowledge of the practical ramifications of eye diseases and disorders, as well as a comprehensive vocabulary of the pharmaceuticals, modern equipment, techniques, and procedures linked to eye diagnosis, treatment, and surgery.
Ophthalmology in MBBS
MBBS students who study ophthalmology are given an overview of the anatomy and physiology of parts, which they may quickly recall. Additionally, a thorough understanding of how each ailment would manifest during an optical examination can help them in understanding the aetiology of various diseases. Students gain a thorough understanding through basic history-taking and clinical eye examinations. The study of ophthalmology for MBBS students places a strong emphasis on clinical learning while also preparing students for theory, practical, and NEET PG exams.
Ophthalmology prof exam consists of a 100-mark theory exam and a 100-mark practical/oral examination, under the revised CBME curriculum. Structured essays (long answer questions), short response questions, and objective questions are among the kind of questions asked in the theoretical test (MCQs and IBQs).
Post-Graduation in Ophthalmology
Students enrol in a 3-year PG Ophthalmology programme after earning their MBBS degree. This training helps students get ready to deal with eye conditions like glaucoma, which damages the optic nerve and impairs vision with a danger of going blind, iritis, an iris inflammation that may be brought on by a systemic disease, chemical burns, and orbital cellulite. The further education and training available to enrolled students span a wide range of subspecialties, from critical eye surgery to dispensing glasses and contact lenses. The well-designed training can assist doctors in treating any future eye issues.
The course covers the fundamentals of ophthalmology in addition to more complex topics such as concerns with the optical nerve system and problems with the uvea and vitreoretinal tissues. According to analyses gathered through the use of medicine, surgery, diet, and other therapies, postgrads are taught how to treat eyes. In order to provide comprehensive eye care, which includes vision services, eye exams, medical and surgical eye treatments, and the identification and treatment of eye conditions and other visual impairments, the curriculum is created to equip medical students with the knowledge and skills they need.
Additional Training for Ophthalmologists
But being an ophthalmologist doesn’t end with getting an MD in the field. A medical student needs to have a few prerequisite skills in order to finish the PG Ophthalmology course effectively. A person is qualified for an Ophthalmology MD if they possess excellent administrative skills, a foundation in math and physics, are open to receiving specialised training in eye care, and have the capacity to master the topics and ideas covered in the course.
If medical students wish to work in hospitals, NGOs, the Indian army, or health research labs, they can pick extra training or education, such as a PhD that is relevant to the Ophthalmology admission exam for the state or provincial service commission. In addition to working as a senior ENT consultant, lecturer, professor, eye product specialist, or medical consultant, an ophthalmologist may choose to do so as well. If a medical student passes the MD entrance exam with at least 55% of the requisite marks, whichever is higher, they may choose ophthalmology as a speciality subject. Only a few of the Ophthalmology specialisations are Applied Basic Sciences, Clinical Ophthalmology with Refraction, Recent Advances in Therapeutic Procedures, Clinical Ophthalmology and Surgical Procedures, and Community Ophthalmology with scopes for Rehabilitation.
Online Ophthalmology Courses
Online courses in ophthalmology are extremely beneficial for aspiring ophthalmologists. Online ophthalmology courses go into great detail about both common and uncommon eye conditions, including glaucoma, iritis, chemical burns to the eye, eyebrow, and face, trauma to the eye, tumours in the eye, crossed eyes, retinopathy, optic neuritis, etc.
For a variety of reasons, prospective ophthalmologists favour online ophthalmology MD courses. Every chapter of the Ophthalmology specialisation is crucial, therefore, a student can benefit from additional help in the form of an online course with video lectures. A student can hence learn from such video lectures while on the bus, in the library, at home, or at a friend’s house. The ability to study ophthalmology at one’s own pace is helpful to the student. One benefits from these lessons throughout their professional career. However, a medical student must enrol in one of the best online ophthalmology courses that has rich, top-notch content that can help brush up on information and improve abilities in order to fully benefit from an online Ophthalmology MD course.
A select few medical education platforms provide top online Ophthalmology courses for MBBS students. Ophthalmology for UnderGrads by DigiNerve has been designed and developed in accordance with the new CBME curriculum. It is the best online ophthalmology course because it also specifies the tools that will be more useful while studying a specific subject or competency. The training is designed for medical undergrads and helps them be ready for PG entrance tests as well as university exams. Dr. Parul Ichhpujani and Dr. Talvir Sidhu, who have covered all the crucial components of the subject, have served as its mentors. Students can increase their knowledge of the subject’s fundamentals, which have been connected to clinical cases and clinical vignettes, by taking this online ophthalmology course. This will give the topic a clinical orientation.
For postgrads, the best Ophthalmology PG courses prove to be highly beneficial. An online PG ophthalmology course like Ophthalmology MD by N. Venkatesh Prajna can assist a student in developing greater confidence and knowledge in the field of ophthalmology by providing rich, in-depth illustrations of the various parts of the eye, life-like models, clear insights into surgical procedures, practical tips for a variety of surgical situations, and, most importantly, guidance from India’s most coveted faculty who are themselves renowned ophthalmologists with years of experience. The course’s components are tailored to the needs of the students’ pre-operative workup, assisting them in performing surgical skills and even managing post-operative challenges. It encourages concept- and approach-based learning in order to satisfy all of the students’ learning requirements. Practitioners could also enhance clinical/surgical ophthalmic skills by using surgical movies along with 3D animated sequences of every surgical phase.
Job Profile
The treatment of traumatic eye injuries, the diagnosis of eye conditions, and the issuance of prescriptions are all responsibilities of ophthalmologists. Their duties might be straightforward, like writing prescriptions for corrective glasses, or extremely complex, like performing keyhole or laser surgery. A pediatric ophthalmologist, for example, specialises in treating children’s eyes. Ophthalmologists can choose to specialise in a particular field of eye care.
You must be willing to stay abreast with eye disorders, conditions, and anatomy in order to practise ophthalmology successfully. You need to be extremely steady-handed, analytical, and careful.
Responsibilities of an Ophthalmologist:
- Executing standard medical procedures such as eye exams, glasses, and contact lens prescriptions.
- Carrying out remedial procedures, such as treating cataracts and treating corneal damage.
- Performing cutting-edge surgical treatments like laser or keyhole surgery.
- Identifying and treating eye conditions and wounds.
- Managing outpatient clinics, specialty eye clinics, or emergency eye clinics.
- Using a holistic approach to treat medical conditions that have an impact on eyesight.
- Conducting biopsies and therapeutic procedures.
Requirements from an Ophthalmologist:
- An ophthalmology-related medical degree.
- Successful completion of an ophthalmology residency and internship.
- A state-issued ophthalmology licence.
- In-depth understanding of the anatomy, disorders, and functioning of the eye.
- Outstanding medical knowledge as well as strong math and physics abilities.
- Strong managerial and administrative abilities.
- Solid eye-hand coordination.
- Excellent planning, communication, problem-solving, and judgement abilities.
Salary of Ophthalmologists
Ophthalmology is a specialised area of medicine with a wide range of employment opportunities. Ophthalmologists can find employment in NGOs, government and private hospitals, and departments of health. The average yearly income for ophthalmologists in India is 10 Lakhs, with salaries ranging from 9 Lakhs to 30 Lakhs.
Scope of Ophthalmology
An ophthalmologist can better manage patients when they have in-depth knowledge and are skilled in both theory and practice. It is common for a top ophthalmologist to build an international network and meet renowned colleagues who will advance the field of ophthalmology. A top ophthalmologist’s efforts are always recognised and valued across the medical horizon.
After completing coursework in this area, job prospects can be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals administered by the public or private sectors, clinics, healthcare facilities, NGOs, missionary and charitable hospitals, and many more.
Many hospitals, clinics, and medical offices employ ophthalmologists. They can work in private offices as well, although ophthalmic technologists are employed by hospitals. The ophthalmic specialist may have a particular field of expertise, such as low-vision optics, aiding during eye surgery, ophthalmic ultrasonography, or ophthalmic photography.
As skilled and knowledgeable ophthalmologists, you can open your own practice for higher profits. Additionally, numerous schools and universities may choose to hire you as a professor or lecturer. You can enlist as an ophthalmologist in the army, air force, or navy.
One can choose a career as:
- Ophthalmologist
- Ophthalmology Surgeon
- Professor/Lecturer
- Clinical Assistant
- Medical Consultant
The subjects included in the 3rd year of the MBBS curriculum are Community Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Ophthalmology.
To stay informed on the most recent developments in the field and newly added chapters and modules in accordance with the new CBME pattern, all students must refer to the latest edition of the books while studying.
There are many books available in the market, but choosing the right one is essential. One must pick a standard book that is written clearly, has plenty of illustrations, flowcharts, tables, must-know information, questions with explanations, and most importantly, is based on the new CBME pattern.
Here’s a list of recommended books for MBBS 3rd Year students:
Best Books for Community Medicine (PSM)
| Subject: Community Medicine | Authors | Description |
| DK Taneja’s Health Policies & Programmes in India | Bratati Banerjee |
✓ The book is precisely updated and easy to understand. ✓ The latest edition is updated with the changes in the magnitude of the problems and strategies implemented to control them. ✓ To provide a complete and holistic view of the programmes, this version has been revised in a new structure with five distinct components. ✓ It is a distinctive collection of policies on Health, Family Welfare, Nutrition, and National Programmes. ✓ The chapter on the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health Program includes a detailed discussion of the vaccination programme, including information on the MR Campaign, Intensified Mission Indradhanush, and newly introduced vaccines. ✓ National Strategic Plans (NSP) formulated for three main communicable disease programmes, namely NSP 2017-22 for malaria, NSP 2017-24 for HIV/AIDS and STIs, and NSP 2017-25 for tuberculosis are also described in the book. ✓ The book includes information on the recently introduced National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCB), and the modified definition of blindness. |
| Mahajan’s Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers | Bratati Banerjee |
✓ Methods of medical data collection and the tools used for the purpose, have been explained in detail for both quantitative and qualitative data. ✓ Determination of sample size and nonprobability sampling techniques have been explained. ✓ Commonly used terms in probability have been listed and defined. ✓ Choice of test of significance for different situations, according to the type of data involved has been explained simply in the form of tables. ✓ Hierarchy of epidemiological research studies has been discussed in detail. ✓ All tables have been revised and some tables are added based on the most recent data, i.e., Census 2011 and SRS 2017. ✓ Basics of Excel have been explained. ✓ Logistic regression analysis using SPSS has been discussed in detail |
| Review of Preventive & Social Medicine | Vivek Jain |
✓ Key revision points are provided next to each topic for ‘Must-know’ MCQ facts. ✓ Chapterwise IBQs with explanations are included. ✓ Solved MCQ papers (2012-2022). ✓ The book has an updated compilation of Public Health Statistics of India 2022-2023. ✓ The book follows the examination pattern chapter wise focusing on Concept Building, one-liner approach, wider coverage, value and approach-based MCQs, IBQs, and updated golden points. |
| Community Medicine with Recent Advances | AH Suryakantha |
✓ Highly illustrative flowcharts, diagrams, pictures, and tables. ✓ Fully adheres to the syllabus recommended by the NMC. ✓ Gives researchers ideas for how to work on disease prevention and health promotion, ultimately benefiting humanity. ✓ The updated edition focuses on the topics, including Verbal autopsy, infections connected to healthcare, first- and second-line ARV regimens, postexposure prophylaxis for HIV, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, methods for cancer prevention, and cancer registry, national guidelines on infant and young child feeding, Bhore Committee report, revised MCP card maternal mortality audit, sentinel surveillance, and PCPNDT Act – 1994. ✓ The book is highly useful for medical students, medical officers, health professionals, and policymakers. |
| Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine | K Park |
✓ Simple and easy to understand. ✓ Updated content and includes the recent advances in the field. ✓ The subjects have been updated and new topics have been included, such as COVID-19-related concerns and new 2019 processes for treating leprosy, malaria, dengue, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases. ✓ Updated information is provided on infant and maternal mortality, juvenile violence, mental health, fake medicines, and essential medicines. ✓ Includes cutting-edge information on non-communicable diseases as well as updated and enhanced content on accidents and illnesses like cancer. ✓ Topics related to immunization and the cold chain have been added. ✓ Contain details on the recently established Health and Wellness Centers and a few active health initiatives. ✓ The chapter on Demography in the Park textbook of community medicine is flawlessly edited and rewritten. |
| Mahajan and Gupta Textbook of Community Medicine | BK Mahajan, Rabindra Nath Roy, Indranil Saha and MC Gupta |
✓ The latest edition includes revised chapters on epidemiology, communicable and non-communicable diseases, MCH and family planning, management, demography and vital statistics, disaster, biomedical waste management, food and nutrition, immunization, geriatrics, communication, etc. ✓ Additionally, the National Health Programs have undergone a thorough review and modification along with the most recent SRS and census statistics. ✓ With examples and reasoning, many domains that are significant for the MBBS examination’s theoretical, practical, and viva have been mentioned. ✓ A lot of postgraduate study resources also include referrals for additional reading. ✓ For ease of comprehension, many flow charts, diagrams, and illustrations have been included. |
Best Books for Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (FMT)
| Subject: Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | Authors | Description |
| Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology | Gautam Biswas |
✓ Competencies are stated at the start of each topic in full colour. ✓ Every chapter has been updated and edited, and some new chapters and subjects have been introduced in accordance with the requirements in the latest edition of the book. ✓ Learning Objectives are the first section of each chapter, followed by “Must know” information “and “Nice to know.” ✓ In this book, the “magic bullet” section is provided to quickly review the topic. ✓ Line diagrams, boxes, tables, distinctions, and flowcharts are used frequently to enhance the text. ✓ Important details marked as “Pearls” are helpful for viva and multiple-choice questions. ✓ For improved comprehension, creative “image-based questions” have been included in the text. ✓ Key takeaways from the chapter are summarised in “High-yield,” which also offers a summary of the chapter. ✓ To pique interest, a case report has been added at the end of the chapter. |
| Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Volume-1 and 2) | Gautam Biswas |
✓ Section I is Medical Jurisprudence, which discusses fundamental ideas at the intersection of law and medicine as well as legal and ethical challenges. ✓ Section II is Clinical Forensic Medicine, which will operate as a helpful practical manual for daily medicolegal practice. ✓ Section III is Forensic Pathology. Topics covered include post-autopsy reconstruction, dyadic fatalities, fat embolism, tattoos, sudden newborn death syndrome, and judicial hanging.
✓ Section I titled Medical Jurisprudence, discusses legal, ethical, and fundamental themes at the intersection of medicine and law. ✓ Section II covers Clinical Forensic Medicine which will operate as a helpful practical manual for daily medicolegal practice. ✓ Section III is Forensic Pathology which explores the ideas, challenges, and potential developments in the field. ✓ Section IV covers Forensic Anthropology. ✓ Section V covers Forensic Science.
✓ Book’s writing style is quite simple and succinct. ✓ Well-illustrated using colour photos, diagrams, text boxes, tables, and flowcharts to highlight important details and ensure that concepts are communicated clearly. ✓ The emphasis of the book is on the scientific and practical elements of the several specialties within the broad subject of forensic medicine and toxicology. |
| The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology | KS Narayan Reddy and OP Murty |
✓ The text highlights important ideas. ✓ Improvements in laboratory research are incorporated in the content. ✓ It covers the ICMR’s standardized guidelines. ✓ It encompasses all facets of medicolegal issues. ✓ A number of subjects have been covered in depth, including forensic ballistics, regional injuries, anaesthesia and surgical fatalities, DNA fingerprinting, and blood stains. ✓ It includes images, tables, and line diagrams to aid with comprehension. |
| Manual of Practical Forensic Medicine and Toxicology | Gautam Biswas |
✓ 15 postmortem examination proformas, colour injury plates, and hypothetical case studies. ✓ Included are histopathological slides and toxicological samples. ✓ A special feature of this book is a separate course on “writing a case report (Project)” that will expose the brightest ideas in clinical forensic medicine. |
| Forensic Medicine | J Magendran |
✓ Illustrative case studies to help you comprehend the relevance of your studies in real-world situations and to enhance your interest in the subject. ✓ Before moving on to the next chapter, make sure you have fully absorbed the principles by answering the general questions and image-based questions at the end of each chapter. ✓ The offered spotters will aid in improving your visual recall for questions that include images in both PGME exams and UG practical exams. ✓ You can review the information all at once with the aid of the flowcharts provided under Chapter at a Glance. ✓ The last-minute tidbits are provided to help you review for the tests by providing often repeated points. |
| The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology | KS Narayan Reddy |
✓ Thoroughly updated and rewritten in accordance with the National Medical Commissions’ new competency-based curriculum (NMC). ✓ It includes essential points, tables, and drawings. ✓ It is intended to give a succinct, mostly practical overview of current forensic medicine instruction with special emphasis on India. |
Best Books for Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) in MBBS
| Subject: Otorhinolaryngology | Authors | Description |
| Self-Assessment & Review: ENT | Sakshi Arora Hans |
✓ More than 500 explanations for the most recent pattern questions. ✓ Detailed explanations of key questions from the AIIMS (2017-2000), PGI (2017-2000), All India (2012-2000), and state-specific exams. ✓ Color plates of significant diagrams and tools. ✓ There are four helpful appendices. ✓ Incorporates DNB and FMGE explanation questions as well. ✓ Separate boxes indicate the key points, mnemonics, and additional edge points. |
| Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat: with Head & Neck Surgery | Mohan Bansal
|
✓ Details of the topic competencies are presented at the start of each chapter. ✓ Numerous case studies are integrated throughout the chapters, and the appendix contains more problem-based scenarios. ✓ Numerous coloured pictures aid in learning and memorising. ✓ The work highlights and incorporates clinical applications. ✓ After reading a section or chapter, students are expected to respond to a set of objectives (competencies), which encourages focused and attentive reading. |
| Self-Assessment and review of short subject, Ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology (ENT) & Orthopaedics | Arvind Arora |
✓ For extensive review and final practice, the book also includes numerous diagrams, pictures, and solved problems from prior years. ✓ Short and concise content. ✓ The book is highly recommended for medical students preparing for numerous postgraduate medical admission exams. |
| Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat
(& Head and Neck Surgery) |
PL Dhingra & Shruti Dhingra |
✓ To clarify the topics, new clinical images, diagrams, tables, and flowcharts have been included. ✓ The whiteboard lectures and movies that illustrate the surgical processes through animations are a special feature of the revised edition of the book. ✓ Text is written with a clinical focus and a problem-solving methodology. ✓ Mnemonics to help students studying for exams remember and repeat the material. ✓ Numerous MCQs may be solved with the use of quick review nuggets. |
| Practical ENT | Vikas Sinha |
✓ Clinically oriented. ✓ Highly recommended for revision. ✓ This book provides an in-depth look into clinical history taking, examination, case studies, tools, and surgical techniques. ✓ This book is primarily intended for undergraduate students, particularly those who are beginning their careers in ENT. ✓ A chapter called “Frequently Asked Questions” (FAQs) allows students to swiftly review material as they get ready for tests. |
| Colour Atlas of ENT Diagnosis | Tony R. Bull & John S. Almeyda
|
✓ The bullet style and pocket-size make it incredibly portable and user-friendly. ✓ This well-liked colour atlas serves as an easy-to-follow visual aid for diagnosing the whole spectrum of ENT problems. ✓ This edition’s review of examination procedures, which incorporates the most recent advancements in the area, followed by explanations of the tools, imaging, and diagnostic tests. ✓ High-quality images are accompanied by instructions for correctly diagnosing and treating each clinical issue. ✓ Expanded discussion of issues such as pediatric patient care, facial plastic surgery, and head and neck diseases. ✓ More than 660 images and graphics in high-quality full colour are used to illustrate important ideas. |
Best Books for Ophthalmology in MBBS
| Subject: Ophthalmology | Authors | Description |
| Clinical Cases in Glaucoma: An Evidence-Based Approach | Parul Ichhpujani & Shibal Bhartiya |
✓ The chapters provide an overview of ocular hypertension, investigational methodologies, and glaucoma diagnosis before describing various treatment options. ✓ To assist doctors in selecting the best course of treatment, potential surgical consequences are thoroughly described. ✓ The last part discusses glaucoma clinical trials. ✓ Learning is enhanced by clinical images, flowcharts, and patient management algorithms. ✓ It will also help with getting ready for clinical case presentations in various tests and exams. |
| Comprehensive Ophthalmology | AK Khurana |
✓ There are six sections in the text. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye, Optics and Refraction, Diseases of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa, Ocular Therapeutics, and Systemic and Community Ophthalmology make up the first five parts. Practical Ophthalmology is covered in Section 6. ✓ The applicable applied anatomy and physiology is presented after each chapter’s CHAPTER OUTLINE, which lists the subjects addressed and the SUBJECT COMPETENCIES according to CBME competencies. ✓ Text is ordered in such a way as to be simple to comprehend, remember, and reproduce. ✓ For easy revision, the text includes boldface, italics, headers at different levels, and headings altogether. ✓ Illustrations are made out of sterile photos and simple line drawings. ✓ Procedures for significant surgical methods are described in the respective chapters. ✓ Tables and flowcharts are used to emphasize key ideas. ✓ Review of Ophthalmology has been provided as a three-part ONLINE RESOURCE for self-evaluation and preparation of postgraduate admission tests. ✓ There are three parts, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions and a Quick Text Review, Part B: Clinical Skill Videos and Part C: Surgical Videos. |
| Expert Techniques in Ophthalmic Surgery | Parul Ichhpujani, George L. Spaeth & Myron Yanoff |
✓ This book serves as both a textbook and an atlas. ✓ It offers characteristics compatible with contemporary ophthalmology teaching and a very visual format, including graphics and photos. ✓ There are many lists and boxes with bullet points throughout the content, making it easier to find information quickly than in a typical textbook. ✓ For convenient cross-referencing and “navigation,” each part is colour-coded. To improve surgical knowledge and anatomy, operational procedures and surgical tactics are described in detail in each area. ✓ An additional strength of the book is its part on the moral and legal ramifications of surgical practice. |
| Gonioscopy: A Text and Atlas | Talvir Sidhu & Tanuj Dada |
✓ More than 600 images in the atlas provide readers with a comprehensive grasp of the illness process. ✓ A separate section is dedicated to RetCam gonioscopy, intraoperative gonioscopy, and gonioscopy following glaucoma surgery, including minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. ✓ Self-assessment questionnaire is also provided. |
| Self-Assessment and Review of Ophthalmology | Sudha Seetharam |
✓ Solved Previous years’ questions with a precise explanation. ✓ Important points are highlighted with superscript Q. ✓ Includes Golden points for NEET-PG. ✓ Case-based IBQs. ✓ Includes highly illustrative diagrams. ✓ At the end of each chapter, IBQs are given with the key points for the identification of the images. |
| Clinical Methods in Ophthalmology: A Practical Manual for Undergraduates | Dadapeer K |
✓ Taking a case-specific history and completing a clinically crafted questionnaire. ✓ A thorough case discussion that includes an explanation of the clinical issues. ✓ Complete coverage with a focus on clinical relevance. ✓ A clear and user-friendly manual to help ophthalmology course students rapidly comprehend important concepts and efficiently prepare for exams. ✓ For improved clinical learning, important details and responses are underlined in coloured boxes. ✓ There has been an addition of a new chapter on community ophthalmology. |
To get conceptual clarity on MBBS courses online, click here
In the world of medicine, gynecology is one of the most demanding specialties. A gynecologist focuses on female reproductive health and deals with research pertaining to women’s health. It primarily addresses the condition of the breasts and the female reproductive organs (vagina, uterus, and ovaries). They are medical professionals who diagnose and treat gynecological problems and provide patients with guidance on contraception and reproductive issues. Gynecology (female health), obstetrics (pregnancy & delivery), and reproductive medicine are the specialties in which a gynecologist must be proficient. Gynecology refers to diagnosing, treating, and preventing infections and disorders of women’s reproductive organs, whereas obstetrics refers to a specialty in maternity care.
Steps for becoming a Gynecologist
- You must have completed your senior secondary school from an accredited board and earned a minimum of 50% in each of the four major subjects—Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English in order to become eligible for the NEET-UG entrance examination.
- To pursue a career in the medical field, you must work hard and prepare for the NEET-UG entrance examination. National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test for Undergraduates (NEET-UG) is a single window entrance exam for admission to MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BUMS, BHMS, and other undergraduate medical programmes at approved/recognized Medical/Dental/AYUSH and other Colleges/Deemed Universities/Institutes (AIIMS & JIPMER) in India. After cracking the NEET-UG exam with the required score, attend the counselling process to get admitted to a medical college for an MBBS programme, which is a prime requirement for becoming a gynecologist.
- After getting admission into a medical college, complete your MBBS degree with one year rotational internship. You should pay special attention to the practical sessions, ward postings, seminars, conferences, etc. during your graduation since they establish a strong foundation for your medical career. During your MBBS, you will be able to identify the area of interest in which you desire to pursue a postgraduate degree. You can enroll in the obstetrics and gynecology online course to get conceptual clarity over the subject and prepare for the PG entrance examinations.
- To get admission in the medical PG courses, you are required to crack the NEET PG or INI-CET entrance examination. NEET-PG is a national-level entrance examination for admission to MS/MD/PG Diploma programmes at various government and private universities and INI-CET is a national-level entrance examination for admission to MS/MD/DM (6 years)/MCh (6 years) and MDS courses at the INI Institutes, which includes AIIMS, JIPMER, etc.
- After cracking the NEET-PG exam with the required score, choose MD/MS in Obstetrics and Gynecology specialization at the time of counselling. During your three-year master’s programme, you must complete your PG dissertation and junior residency. A PG curriculum also includes conferences, symposiums, seminars, audits, clinical postings, clinical meetings, etc.
- After finishing your residency programme, get your medical certification and obtain your license to practice as an OBGYN specialist.
- You can also pursue a DM, DrNB, MCh, or DNB course. The admission to a range of DM/MCh and DrNB Super Specialty programmes is done on the basis of the marks and rank secured in the NEET-SS entrance examination. Medical professionals can also enroll in the online advanced gynecology courses on ‘Ultrasound in OBGYN made easy’ and ‘Basics of Infertility and IUI made easy’ to upskill their knowledge and practical skills in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.
Courses to pursue a Career in Gynecology
OBGYN in MBBS
To pursue a career in OBGYN, firstly you will have to complete the MBBS degree. The OBGYN subject is included in the MBBS curriculum and the syllabus includes
- Demographic and Vital Statistics
- Anatomy of the female reproductive tract
- Physiology of conception
- Development of the fetus and the placenta
- Preconception counselling
- Diagnosis of pregnancy
- Maternal Changes in pregnancy
- Antenatal Care
- Complications in early pregnancy
- Antepartum haemorrhage
- Multiple pregnancies
- Medical Disorders in Pregnancy
- Labour
- Maternal Pelvis
- Operative obstetrics
- Complications of the third stage
- Lactation
- Care of the newborn
- Normal and abnormal puerperium
- Medical termination of pregnancy
- Contraception
- Vaginal discharge
- Menopause
- Uterine prolapse
- Benign and malignant diseases of the uterus
- Cervix and the ovaries, Normal and abnormal puberty
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Amenorrhea
- Genital injuries and fistulae
- Genital infections, Infertility
- Uterine fibroids
- PCOS and hirsutism
- Obstetrics & Gynecological skills
The curriculum also involves clinical ward postings, seminars, conferences, etc.
PG Courses in OBGYN specialty
After completing graduation, you must pursue a three-year postgraduate (MD/MS) degree in OBGYN. The syllabus of the PG in OBGYN includes topics on Basic Sciences, Markers in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Genetics, Antenatal Care, Intrapartum care, Post-Partum, Operative Obstetrics, Newborn, Clinical Gynecology and Fertility Regulation, Operative Gynecology, Family Welfare, and Demography, and Male and Female Infertility.
The PG curriculum also includes training and postings in OBGYN wards as well as in allied fields such as Neonatology, Anaesthesia, Radiology/Radiotherapy, Surgery, and Oncology.
Besides training and patient care in OPDs and wards, a PG resident also carry out minor operations under supervision and assists in major operations as a part of the second and third term. Then, in the fourth, fifth, and sixth term, you are required to perform independent duties in managing patients and major operations under the supervision of the teaching faculty.
A PG student can enroll in postgraduate courses in obstetrics and gynecology to cater to all their learning requirements. OBGYN MD is an online course crafted by the renowned practitioner and author, Dr. Aswath Kumar along with the 98 eminent faculties. Besides video lectures, notes, and self-assessment questions, there is a focus on getting the right clinical findings and taking the case history. The display of minimally invasive surgeries like hysteroscopy and diagnostic/operative laparoscopy has its own area in the course module. The in-video display of the numerous procedures being carried out will take the learnings of a medical professional to a completely new dimension.
DM Courses in OBGYN
You can pursue DM in Medical Genetics. The goal of the DM in Medical Genetics course is to create a qualified Medical Geneticist who can evaluate a patient with a potential genetic disorder, determine the likelihood of a genetic disorder, make a clinical diagnosis, be able to choose the best test to confirm the diagnosis and offer the most advanced form of treatment.
The Competency-based training for DM in Medical Genetics includes clinical evaluation, research, genetic workup requiring pre-and post-test counselling, updated knowledge and skills to apply innovative therapies, knowledge, and abilities to develop and execute population-based preventative programmes. Also, the Geneticist must be prepared to conduct customized medicine in clinical settings in the molecular medicine era of the twenty-first century.
Diploma in Obstetrics and Gynecology
You have an option to pursue a 2-year Diploma in Obstetrics and Gynecology course. There are three papers in this course:
Paper I: Basic sciences related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology and recent advances
Paper II: Obstetrics including social obstetrics and diseases of newborn
Paper III: Gynaecology including fertility regulation
A medical student pursuing a Diploma in OBGYN undergoes training sessions, which include Out-patient Departments and special clinics, Inpatients, Operation Theatre, Labor Room, Writing clinical notes regularly, and maintaining records. The curriculum includes patient care in OPD, wards, casualty, and labor room, carrying minor procedures under supervision and assisting in major operations in the first and second term, and independent duties in patient management in the third and fourth term.
MCh courses in OBGYN specialty
- MCh in Gynecological Oncology
A subspecialist in gynecological oncology is someone who has completed formal training in the field and has developed specialized knowledge in gynecological oncology as well as broad-based knowledge in related fields like medical oncology, radiation oncology, gynaecological pathology, and palliative care for patients with gynecological cancers. The MCh in Gynecological Oncology course is of 3-year duration.
The course content includes:
- Diagnostic techniques and staging of gynecological cancers
- Surgery for gynaecological cancers
- Principles of radiation therapy for gynaecological malignancies
- Chemotherapy targeted therapy and Immuno-therapy for gynaecological cancers
- Palliative care for advanced and recurrent cancers
- Pathology of common gynaecological cancers
- Research methodology for clinical trials and statistics
- Writing original papers in reputed national & International scientific journals
- Knowledge related to epidemiology and preventive oncology as applied to Gynaecological Oncology
- MCh in Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
The course’s goal is to provide the medical professional with specialized knowledge in all facets of reproductive medicine and surgery as well as training in the clinical, technical, diagnostic, medical, surgical, and technological management of infertility, all of which can help people get pregnant when they’re ready. This training is designed to support gynecologists who want to provide daily care to the nation’s growing infertile population.
The course content includes:
- Basic Sciences Relating to Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
- Principles of Reproductive Medicine and Laboratory Techniques
- Fertility associated Medical and Surgical Diseases, Genetics, Counselling, Ethical and Legal issues related to ART
- Recent Advances in Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
DNB broad specialty
- To pursue a career in OBGYN, you can pursue a 3-year DNB broad specialty course in the Maternal and Child Health discipline. Admission to this 3-year Post Diploma DNB course is done through the NEET-PG entrance examination.
- You also have an option of pursuing a 2-year Post MBBS DNB course in OBGYN. Admission to a list of broad specialties in which NBEMS offers a 2-year Post Diploma DNB course is done through DNB-PDCET. The objective of a DNB programme in Obstetrics and gynecology is to make the students gain complete knowledge in Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, and Pathophysiology connected to the reproductive system. Graduates will be capable of managing all normal and pathological stages and performing productively members of a team involved in teaching, research, and healthcare. The course curriculum includes the theoretical part, practical training, case presentations, seminars, Journal club, clinical audits, poster and oral presentations, and more. A medical professional gains expertise in diagnostic techniques including anesthetic procedures, and preoperative and post-operative care, and emergency situations.
The complete course syllabus of the above-mentioned courses is available on the NMC official website.
Top Medical Colleges in India:
- AIIMS, Delhi, and other AIIMS
- PGIMER, Chandigarh
- Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry
- Christian Medical College, Vellore
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai
- DY Patil Medical College Pune
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore
- SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram
- King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
- Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi
Skills required for becoming a Gynecologist
OB-GYNs require a blend of interpersonal and technical abilities. they must be subject-matter specialists as well as effective, sympathetic communicators. The gynecologist has a strong hand in Biopsy, Mammograms, STD Testing, Ultrasounds, Pap smears, Colposcopies, cancer screening, and more. Other essential knowledge and credentials for OB-GYNs include:
- Active listener
- capacity to design individualized treatment strategies
- skilled in using all the required medical equipment
- capacity to deliver precise and efficient treatment even under stress
- strict hand-eye coordination
- excellent vision and visuospatial awareness
- outstanding diagnostic and decision-making skills
- emotional fortitude, a placid demeanor, and the capacity to function successfully under pressure
- physical endurance and manual dexterity to meet the requirements of surgery and emergency situations
- Social Perceptiveness
Responsibilities of a Gynecologist
The prime task of gynecologists on a regular basis includes examining the patients, and prescribing medications and other specialized medical care to treat or prevent illness, disease, or injury. Further, explaining the treatment procedures to the patient and family members, monitoring patients’ condition and progress, and re-evaluating the treatment as necessary also comes under the responsibility of a skilled gynecologist.
The responsibilities of a highly skilled OBGYN specialist:
- Provide the community with high-quality treatment for the diagnosis and treatment of the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal phases of healthy and unhealthy pregnancies and labour.
- Offer efficient and sufficient care to pregnant women and newborns.
- Able to perform obstetrical ultrasonography and other diagnostic techniques, including Doppler.
- Able to handle and quickly respond to all obstetrical and gynecological crises and make the proper recommendations.
- Carry out a thorough assessment of the infertile pair and have a wide-ranging understanding of assisted reproductive technologies, such as ovulation induction, gamete donation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and the ethical and legal ramifications of these procedures.
- Offer guidance and administration of reproductive control techniques, including reversible as well as irreversible contraception, permanent contraception, etc.
- Offer women who are experiencing spontaneous abortions or who are requesting medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and high-quality treatment and handle any difficulties that may arise.
- Control and organize the work of medical professionals such as nurses, students, assistants, specialists, therapists, and others.
- For preventing injuries and treating illnesses, hospitals, corporations, or communities plan, execute or oversee health programmes.
Career Prospects and Scope of Gynecology
The programme is undoubtedly well-regarded, career-focused, and rewarding. Obstetrics and gynecology is a profession that is always in demand in the medical sciences. This course is the best choice if you wish to work in the medical profession that deals with reproductive life. GYN/OBG provides you with a variety of employment options, rewarding compensation, additional benefits, and respectable professions both inside and outside of India. This opens up opportunities for a wide range of careers including,
- General Practitioners
- Gynecologist
- Lecturer
- Senior Medicine Consultant
- Clinical Associate
- Family Planning Consultant
- Gynecologist-oncology specialist
- Critical care specialist
- Clinical trial expert
- Reproductive Medicine Specialist
- Reproductive endocrinologists
- Senior Residents
- Researchers
Gynecologists have the option to work as private practitioners, government doctors, and private clinicians. They can also work as a gynecologist/OBGYN specialist in Nursing Homes, Private Clinics, Defense Hospitals, IVF fertility centres, and Community Health Centres. The OBGYN might also pursue research and further education in universities and research institutes.
Salary of a Gynecologist
Gynecology is a highly lucrative and demanding career in the medical field. The salary of a gynecologist depends on a variety of factors, such as geographical area, government or private sector, experience, and specialty. A gynecologist/OBGYN specialist can earn about 10-12 lakhs per annum at the start of their career. However, the pay scale keeps on increasing with the increasing qualification and experience. However, doctors performing surgeries earn comparatively more than consultants and physicians. An academic profile also leads to a lucrative career.
Click here to read about the MRCOG membership examination.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q1. How many years does it take to become a Gynaecologist?
Ans. It takes approximately 8-9 years to become a gynecologist. The MBBS is of 5.5 years, then PG(MD/MS in OBGYN) is of 3 years and further, it depends on the OBGYN specialty and course you want to pursue.
Q2. Where do gynecologists get paid the most?
Ans. The salary of a gynecologist depends on a variety of factors, such as geographical area, government or private sector, experience, and specialty. Although skilled and experienced gynecologists are paid the most in the private sector. However, doctors performing surgeries earn comparatively more than consultants and physicians.
Q3. What are the career prospects for a gynecologist?
Ans. Gynecologists have an option of working in Government and Private sectors, Nursing Homes, Private Clinics, Defense Hospitals, IVF fertility centres, and Community Health Centres. There are a variety of job profiles, such as General Practitioners, gynecologists, lecturers, Gynecologist-oncology specialists, Reproductive Medicine specialists, Senior Residents, and Researchers.
Q4. Is gynecology a good career?
Ans. Yes, Gynecology is a highly lucrative and demanding career in the medical field. A career in OBGYN provides a medical aspirant with a variety of employment options, rewarding compensation, additional benefits, and respectable professions both inside and outside of India.
Click here to get conceptual clarity in the MBBS subjects.
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) is a public university located in Chandigarh, India. The college is recognized as an ‘Institute of National Importance’ and has been declared the ‘Best Hospital in Public Sector for Cadaveric Organ Donations for the year 2019-20’. The institution was inaugurated by Former PM Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on 7th July 1963. PGI Chandigarh holds the 2nd position in the medical category, according to the 2022 NIRF Ranking and is among the best medical institutions in India.
Courses at PGI, Chandigarh
The college offers admission to various postgraduate, super specialty, and doctoral programmes in the medical stream. Apart from the medical stream, the college provides admission to various graduate and postgraduate courses in the paramedical and nursing stream. Additionally, PGI also provides diplomas, fellowships, and training programmes in the medical and para-medical fields. Several short courses are also offered by the college to trainees deputed from other institutions for specialized training and skill development. These courses are highly useful for doctors working in private practice or district-level hospitals.
List of MS and MD course specializations available at the PGIMER, Chandigarh
MD Specializations offered at PGI, Chandigarh
| Course | Specialization | Duration |
| MD | Anaesthesia | 3 years |
| MD | Biochemistry | 3 years |
| MD | Community Medicine | 3 years |
| MD | Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology | 3 years |
| MD | Medicine | 3 years |
| MD | Microbiology | 3 years |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 3 years |
| MD | Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 3 years |
| MD | Pediatrics | 3 years |
| MD | Psychiatry | 3 years |
| MD | Radio-diagnosis | 3 years |
| MD | Pathology | 3 years |
| MD | Pharmacology | 3 years |
| MD | Radiotherapy | 3 years |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 3 years |
| MD | Forensic Medicine | 3 years |
| MD | MD (Hospital Administration) | 3 years |
MS Specializations offered at PGI, Chandigarh
| Course | Specialization | Duration |
| MS | Surgery | 3 years |
| MS | Orthopedics | 3 years |
| MS | Otolaryngology | 3 years |
| MS | Ophthalmology | 3 years |
The college also offers a 2-year Master’s in public health (MPH) course. In addition to the MD/MS degree, PGI also offers admission to DM, MCh, and Post MD certificate courses in various medical specializations.
List of courses with their specialization:
| Courses | Specialization |
| DM courses | Addiction Psychiatry, Cardiac Anaesthesia, Cardiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Hematology, Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Clinical Pharmacology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Haematopathology, Hepatology, Histopathology, Intensive Care, Interventional Radiology, Medical Genetics, Neonatology, Nephrology, Neuro-anaesthesia, Neuro-imaging and Interventional Neuroradiology, Neurology, Pediatric Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Pulmonology, Pediatrics Critical Care, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Trauma Anaesthesia & Acute Care |
| M.Ch Courses | Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Head & Neck Surgery, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Renal Transplant Surgery, Surgical Gastroenterology, Urology, and Vitreo-retinal surgery |
| MDS | Orthodontics, Pedodontics, and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery |
| Ph.D. | All Medical Discipline & All Non-Medical Discipline |
| Post M.D. Certificate Course | Cytopathology, Biotechnology, and Immunopathology |
Admission Process
The admission to MS/MD/MCh (6 years)/DM (6 years) is done based on the INI-CET entrance examination score, conducted by AIIMS, New Delhi. An aspirant must qualify for the exam with a high rank to get admission at PGI, Chandigarh. Admission to MS/MD courses is conducted twice a year and the new session starts in January and July every year.
Eligibility for admission at PGI, Chandigarh
- A candidate must have completed their MBBS degree and one-year rotational internship on or before 31st December/30th June for the January and July sessions respectively.
- Candidate must be registered with Central/State Medical Registration Council.
- The sponsored candidates are required to submit the NOC or relieving certificate from the previous organization/hospital from the respective Sponsoring Authority in addition to fulfilling other eligibility requirements.
- The Foreign National Candidates must have earned a comparable degree or the MBBS. To calculate the value of the grade in %, the candidate must receive a certificate of the grading system from his/her university/institution.
- The candidates who have graduated/completed their MBBS from a foreign University and want to pursue medical studies in India must pass the MCI screening exam or FMGE exam, conducted by NBE.
- The Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) candidates are required to apply against the Foreign National seats and upload their scan copy of NOC while filling out the application form.
- Sponsorship/deputation of candidates is only accepted from the following departments:
- Central/State Government Departments
- Autonomous Bodies of Central/State Government
- Public sector university affiliated colleges recognized by MCI.
Medical Examination
All the admitting candidates will have to compulsorily go through the medical fitness examination conducted by the Medical Board constituted by the Institute. Medically unfit candidates will not be allowed to get admission at PGIMER, Chandigarh.
Mode and Scheme of INI-CET Entrance Examination for MD/MS:
| Details | Features |
| Mode | Computer-based test (CBT) |
| Duration | 3 hours (180 minutes) |
| Type of questions | Multiple choice questions |
| Number of questions | 200 |
| Marking Scheme | +1 for every correct answer and -1/3 for every incorrect answer |
| Language of the exam | English |
Distribution and Reservation of Seats
- There are a total of 610 seats for the MD/MS course.
- 5% of the total seats are reserved for the SC/ST candidates.
- 27% of the total seats are reserved for the OBC candidates.
- For a minimum of two years, candidates who have worked or are currently working in rural locations with less than 5000 residents are eligible for 5% of the available seats for the MD/MS Course.
- The 5% seats are reserved for Indian candidates with Benchmark Disabilities (PwBD) as the provision of the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
- For the Sponsored/Deputed/Foreign National Candidates: The sponsorship for admission to any course at PGI is acceptable from the following departments/Institutions:
-
- Central Government departments/Institutions
- State Government departments/Institutions
- Autonomous bodies of the Central or State Governments
- Public sector colleges affiliated with a university and recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
- For Foreign Nationals, there is a seat reservation for MD/MS courses but there is no reservation for the super specialty courses.
Fees for MD/MS at PGI, Chandigarh
| Particulars | Fees (in INR) |
| Registration Fee | Rs. 500 |
| Tuition Fee | Rs. 250 |
| Laboratory Fee | Rs. 900 |
| Amalgamated Fund | Rs.720 |
| Security | Rs.1000 (Refundable) |
| Hostel Security | Rs. 5000 (Refundable) |
| Final Examination Fee (payable before examination) | Rs. 1000 for thesis evaluation
Rs. 1100 examination fee |
Counselling Procedure
The candidates who have secured the minimum cut-off score in the INI-CET exam as per their category are eligible for counselling for admission at PGIMER, Chandigarh. The counselling for the PGIMER and all other INI institutes is conducted by the AIIMS, New Delhi whereas, the counselling for the sponsored candidates is done at the PGIMER Chandigarh campus physically. The counselling is strictly done according to the merit list of the INI-CET entrance examination.
All the candidates joining the spot counseling are required to bring their complete documents with them. No extra time is provided to the students getting seats in the spot counseling round to complete any formalities and hence are required to come prepared to join the course on the same day.
After getting a seat in the counselling, the following papers in their original forms must be submitted by applicants for admission to the MD/MS programme at PGIMER Chandigarh, along with photocopies that have been duly attested or self-attested (after proper verification of the originals):
- Offer Letter
- Allocation letter
- Registration Slip
- Admit Card issued by AIIMS
- Mark Sheets of MBBS 1st, 2nd and 3rd Professional Examinations
- MBBS Degree Certificate
- Internship Completion Certificate
- Permanent/Provisional Registration Certificate issued by MCI/State Medical Council
- High School/Higher Secondary Certificate/Birth Certificate in proof of date of birth
- The Candidate should also bring the SC/ST/OBC/Physical Disability Certificate, if applicable.
The Foreign Nationals must register themselves with the MCI/NMC before joining the course.
Click here to know the tentative seat distribution for INI-CET 2023 at PGIMER, Chandigarh.
Bond Agreement, Sureties, and Penalty Amount
All the PG residents must serve as Junior residents for three years and are required to submit an agreement and undertaking for the same. The candidates are required to submit two sureties at the time of admission on the non-judicial paper stamp of Rs.25.
If any candidate leaves the course midway, he/she will be penalized in the following manner:
- If a candidate cancels their candidature within six months of joining the course, then the penalty will be one lakh rupees (Rs. 1,00,000 /-).
- If a candidate cancels their candidature after six months of joining the course, then the penalty will be five lakh rupees (Rs. 5,00,000 /-).
Hostel Facility at PGI, Chandigarh
- The college provides the facility of partially furnished hostel accommodation for 800 people within the campus.
- There are separate accommodations available for the ladies, bachelors, and married residents.
- The mess facility is run by the Association of Resident Doctors’ (ARD).
- There is a refundable security amount of Rs. 5000/- required to be paid by all the hostel residents.
- Sponsored Candidates are not provided with the hostel facility.
- Other hostel facilities include guest rooms for residents’ guests, photostat, saloons, laundry, etc.
| S.no. | Hostel Name | Number of Seats |
| 1 | Married Doctors Hostel | 184 |
| 2 | Old Doctors Hostel | 212 |
| 3 | Kairon Block Hostels | 122 |
| 4 | New Doctors Hostels | 160 |
| 5 | Sanjeevani Hostels | 122 |
Click here to know the details for MD/MS admission at the JIPMER, Puducherry
Residency Programme
All the PG candidates getting admitted to PGI must serve as Junior Residents under the Residency Service-cum-Training Scheme.
PG Stipend/ Emoluments
The MD/MS students will be provided with the basic pay of Rs. 56100 as an emolument during the three-year postgraduate course.
Book Allowance
For three years, each MD/MS student will receive a book allowance of Rs. 2000 per annum, except for those who are sponsored.
Submission of Thesis
Each candidate for the MD/MS programme must submit a thesis proposal within a year of enrolling in the programme. When completing the course for two and a half years, the student must submit the final thesis, and only after the thesis has been approved will the student be qualified to sit the final MD/MS examination. Any applicant who fails to submit their thesis plan within a year of admission will not be permitted to sit for the final exam, and their session will be moved forward by six months.
Except for Sponsored candidates, MD/MS Junior Residents are given a lump-sum payment of Rs. 5000 by the college to meet the expenditure of thesis writing.
Research Methodology Course
To be eligible to take the final MD/MS examination, an MD/MS candidate must take the Research Methodology Course within a year of enrolling in the course and pass the course’s exit exam.
To get conceptual clarity on MBBS courses online, click here.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q1. Is the MBBS course available in PGI Chandigarh?
Ans. No, the college does not provide admission to the MBBS course. PGI Chandigarh mainly provides admission to medical PG courses, including MD, MS, DM, MCh, MDS, Ph.D., and Post MD certificate courses.
Q2. How can I be selected in PGI Chandigarh for the MD/MS course?
Ans. To get admission to MD/MS course at PGI Chandigarh, you need to crack the INI-CET entrance examination. It is a national-level entrance exam conducted by the AIIMS for admission to MD, MS, DM (6 years), MCh (6 years), and MDS courses.
Q3. Is PGI government or private?
Ans. PGI Chandigarh is an autonomous body under the Act of Parliament in 1967 functioning under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
Q4. How many questions are there in INI-CET 2023?
Ans. A total of 200 Multiple Choice Questions are asked in the INI-CET entrance examination.
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is an undergraduate degree in medicine. The course is of four and a half years, followed by one year of compulsory rotational internship. There are a total of 19 subjects in the MBBS curriculum.
There are three subjects in the first year of the MBBS, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology. There are numerous books available for the MBBS subjects but choosing the right set of books is highly important.
Here’s a list of recommended books for MBBS 1st year students:
Best Books of Anatomy for MBBS Students:
| Subject: Anatomy | Author | Description |
| Self-Assessment and Review of Anatomy | Rajesh K Kaushal |
|
| New Across: A Complete Review of Short Subjects | Saumya Shukla, Siddharth Dixit, Anurag Shukla & Khushi Shukla |
|
| Human Anatomy | BD Chaurasia, Krishna Garg |
|
| Gray’s Anatomy for Students | Raveendranath Veeramani, Sunil Jonathan Holla, Parkash Chand & Sunil Chumber |
|
| Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy | Rachel Koshi |
|
Best Books of Biochemistry for MBBS Students:
| Subject: Biochemistry | Author | Description |
| Self-Assessment and Review of Biochemistry | Rebecca James Perumcheril |
|
| Textbook Of Biochemistry for Medical Students | DM Vasudevan, Sreekumari S & Kannan Vaidyanathan |
|
| Biochemistry | U. Satyanarayana & U. Chakrapani |
|
| Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry (South Asian Edition) | Denise R. Ferrier SAE Editors: Ritu Singh, Rajeev Goyal |
|
| Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry | Kathleen Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, Owen McGuinness, P. Anthony Weil, Peter Kennelly, Victor Rodwell | The book includes the following important topics:
|
Best Books of Physiology for MBBS Students:
| Subject: Physiology | Author | Description |
| Principles of Physiology | Debasis Pramanik |
|
| Review of Physiology | Soumen Manna |
|
| Crisp Complete Review of Integrated Systems Physiology | S Krishna Kumar |
|
| Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (South East Edition) | John E. Hall, Michael E. Hall
Adaption Editors: Mario Vaz, Anura Kurpad, Tony Raj
|
|
| Textbook of Physiology | A.K. Jain |
|
To get conceptual clarity on MBBS courses online, click here.
Can you crack NEET PG in 2 months? The answer is yes! However, cracking NEET PG in 2 months is no easy feat and requires serious dedication, diligence, and hard work. Cracking NEET-PG in 2 months is possible with frequent revision of all the concepts an aspirant has learned in his/her MBBS years. There is no doubt that NEET PG is one of the toughest exams in India but learning how to crack NEET PG in first attempt is even harder. Given the vastness of the syllabus, the fierce competition, and the limited time frame, let’s figure out exactly how you can channel all your motivation towards learning how to prepare for NEET PG 2023 in 2 months.
- Create A Dedicated Study Schedule – Forming a study schedule that details exactly what topics you need to study and when to study is essential in the path to cracking NEET PG in 2 months. By analysing the syllabus and assessing your weak points, you can create a highly effective and productive timetable for NEET PG 2023 preparation in 2 months. By creating a personalised and productive timetable for NEET PG preparation in 2 months, you can get started each day without having to waste time deciding what you need to study as it will all be planned out for you to simply follow.
Here’s a 2 Months subject-wise revision plan for NEET-PG 2023:
| Part | Number of days to complete each subject | Total number of days |
| PART 1 | ||
| Anatomy | 3 days | 9 days |
| Physiology | 2 days | |
| Biochemistry | 2 days | |
| Solve NEET PG practice questions and previous year’s question papers | 2 days | |
| PART 2 | ||
| Microbiology | 2 days | 12 days |
| Pathology | 3 days | |
| Pharmacology | 3 days | |
| Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 1 day | |
| Solve NEET PG practice questions and previous year’s question papers | 3 days | |
| PART 3 | ||
| Community Medicine & PSM | 3 days | 10 days |
| ENT | 2 days | |
| Ophthalmology | 2 days | |
| Solve NEET PG practice questions and previous year’s question papers | 3 days | |
| PART 4 | ||
| Dermatology | 1 day | 13 days |
| Medicine | 5 days | |
| Psychiatry | 1 day | |
| Pediatrics | 1 day | |
| Solve NEET PG practice questions and previous year’s question papers | 5 days | |
| PART 5 | ||
| Surgery | 5 days | 16 days |
| Anaesthesia | 1 day | |
| Orthopaedics | 1 day | |
| Radiology | 1 day | |
| Obstetrics & Gynecology | 3 days | |
| Solve NEET PG practice questions and previous year’s question papers | 5 days | |
| Solve one NEET-PG mock exam every two weeks to boost your preparation and manage time | ||
Every aspirant has their own competencies so you can personalize the above shared plan according to your difficulty level of any subject.
2. Practice Previous-Year Papers – Studying past years’ papers can help you adjust to the method of questioning while also providing good practice. Your 2-month study plan for NEET PG 2023 should be loaded with as many relevant past papers and sample papers as possible. By slotting breaks to only attempt these papers after several rounds of revision, you can make the most out of your 2 month study plan for NEET PG 2023.
Click here to know the important topics of Pharmacology for NEET-PG.
3. Revise Thoroughly – Memorising and understanding such a large syllabus is not an easy task, especially when your plan rests on how to prepare for NEET PG 2023 in 2 months. Thus, the answer for cracking NEET PG in 2 months comes through the form of repeated bouts of revision. Make sure you periodically revise topics you’ve already studied, either through mock tests, other self-assessment, or even repeatedly reading your notes. Try flowcharts, mnemonics, flashcards to memorize well.
Click here to know the important topics of Community Medicine for NEET-PG.
4. Learn To Sacrifice – If you want to know how to prepare for NEET PG 2023 in 2 months, the simple solution is learning to prioritise and sacrifice certain things. During your 2 month study plan for NEET PG 2023, you will come across some topics that are personally too difficult or time-consuming, so plan to clear your concepts of these topics first. For this, you can resort to online platforms like DigiNerve which provides best content by India’s top faculty.
Click here to know the important topics of Microbiology for NEET-PG.
Now that the question of ‘Can you crack NEET PG in 2 months’ has been answered, and guidelines for an effective timetable for NEET PG preparation in 2 months have been given to you, get started! For more tips on how to crack NEET PG 2023 in first attempt, click here and clear your concepts with DigiNerve.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
Q1. When will be NEET PG 2023 exam conducted?
Ans. NEET-PG 2023 exam will be conducted in the month of March.
Q2. Will NEET-PG 2023 be held?
Ans. Yes, NEET-PG will be held in 2023 as per the notifications till now. The NExT exam is likely to be held from year 2024.
Q3. How many times a year is NEET PG held?
Ans. The NEET-PG exam is held once in a year.
Ever since medicine has been in existence, so has pathology. Knowledge of pathology is essential to understand the illness, from the cause and investigation of the disease to diagnosis and treatment. Learning all the terminologies used in pathology lab reports is also important. It will be very difficult to treat patients and prevent disease progression without a complete understanding of the subject.
The whole subject, as far as an undergraduate student is concerned, deals with
- Etiology: The cause of the disease
- Pathogenesis: Steps in which certain events occurred that finally led to the disease
- Histopathological examination, of any disease: Involves dealing with gross appearance and microscopic examination.
Branches of Pathology
Pathology subject has two types of branches:
- Morphological Branches include:
- Histopathology
- Surgical pathology
- Experimental pathology
- Forensic pathology and autopsy work
- Cytopathology
- Exfoliating cytology
- Interventional cytology
- Hematology
- Non-morphological Branches include:
- Clinical pathology
- Clinical biochemistry
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Medical genetics
- Molecular pathology
- Molecular cytogenetics
Important topics of Pathology for MBBS students
General pathology forms the base for the units that lie ahead.
General pathology will introduce you to terms that will be used time and again, so if you do not understand those terminologies, you will never be able to comprehend systemic pathology. For example, terms like hyperplasia, metaplasia, etc. will be used very commonly, and if you are not aware of what they mean, then it will be very hard to understand diseases.
Hematology is another part of Pathology. You must do your best while studying this unit, because all your basic knowledge about examining the blood test reports, and your skills in investigating a patient of anemia, will come from here.
Other high-yielding pathology topics for NEET PG 2023 include Inflammation, Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia, Acute Leukemias, Chronic Leukemias, Thalassemia, Lymphadenopathy, etc.
From the systemic pathology, units like the Kidney, GIT, Lungs, and Hepatobiliary system are highly important for NEET PG aspirant. Not just this, Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus are two diseases you cannot skip, because of their increasing prevalence in India.
Watch below video lectures on high-yielding Pathology topics by top Pathology faculty.
Recommended books for Pathology
One of the favorites among students and the highly recommended book is Jaypee publishers’ “Textbook of Pathology” by Prof. Harsh Mohan. The book has a single volume and the language and content are easier to understand. The histopathology diagrams include both microscopic pictures and hand-drawn images, which makes it easier for students to memorize and reproduce those images in the exams. There are appropriate flowcharts and a lot of tables, which take lesser time to read and learn.
Another recommended book for Prof exam preparation is Prof. Ramadas Nayak’s “Pathology Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates”. The book has covered all the topics lucidly with illustrations, tables, flowcharts, etc. The book is highly recommended for notes and revision.
For the practical part of pathology, there is another book by the author, Prof. Harsh Mohan, titled, ‘Practical Pathology’. This book will be very helpful for lab sessions and practical examinations. It has histopathology of most of the slides and specimens that form a part of your practical viva.
Paper Pattern of Prof Exams
After the advent of Competency-Based Medical Education in 2019, the pattern of examination changed. Now, you will have two papers of 100 marks each, unlike earlier, where two papers of 40 marks each were taken. There will be a practical for 100 marks after your university exams. Hence, pathology as a total will carry 300 marks.
How to study Pathology?
You will often hear from your teachers that, Pathology is a very volatile subject, which is true. But does that mean you will never be able to learn it? Well, absolutely not. The key to mastering pathology is revision. Revision, revision, and only, revision.
Studying things once and expecting to remember you entirely in the exam will never work. Rather, regularly reading and revising will help you a lot in the long run.
Here are a few tips that will help you a lot to study Pathology in MBBS:
Stick to one book
Do not refer to multiple books. Doing so will only create confusion. Also, while revising for exams, you do not have a lot of time to revise your syllabus, hence you mustn’t increase your load by referring back to multiple books. Thoroughly read Harsh Mohan’s Textbook of Pathology and practice the diagrams well. You can practice the self-assessment questions from various resources.
Find online Pathology courses
It has been time and again proven that our pictorial and visual memory is very strong and long-lasting. Hence, watching videos, and attempting image or video-based questions related will help you a lot and feed things into your memory for a longer duration.
DigiNerve offers Pathology for UnderGrads online course, developed and mentored by the most renowned authors, Prof. Harsh Mohan, Prof. Ramadas Nayak, and Dr. Debasis Gochhait. The course has been enriched with their knowledge and experience which will help in fulfilling your study needs completely. All the topics are arranged in a sequential hierarchy to avoid confusion. The video lectures along with self-assessment questions and notes help you in concept-building. The lectures follow a case-based approach supported by video demonstrations. The lectures are richly illustrated including clinical, radiological, histological, and gross images along with flowcharts and tables for easy understanding and quick recall.
The course also focuses on practicals in pathology including gross specimens that are highly important for examination.
Make notes
Pathology subject is hefty, hence, keep your notes handy. This will help you to go through the highlights of each chapter in the least time during revision. Make tables and flowcharts while you study in class or watch video lectures. This will help you a lot in last-minute revision.
Practice diagrams
To have an edge over other students, you should practice diagrams frequently. Diagrams and flowcharts will fetch you more marks. You should be extremely well-versed in histopathology diagrams. The pathology book by Prof. Harsh Mohan provides excellent histopathology diagrams, which are easily reproducible in exams.
Pay attention in lab sessions
Do not ignore your practical classes. You can get to learn a lot in those few hours. You will get familiar with gross specimens and histopathology slides of various diseases there. Understand it all there and then, and half of your theory will be prepared in your lab only.
To get conceptual clarity with the help of MBBS courses online, click here.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q 1 – What is Pathology?
Ans : Pathology is referred to as the ‘study of diseases’. It is a branch of science that deals with structural and functional changes in diseases, which present with clinical signs and symptoms.
Q 2 – Why is it important to study Pathology?
Ans : It is important to study Pathology to understand the illness, from the cause and investigation of the disease to diagnosis and treatment. It becomes very difficult to treat patients and prevent disease progression unless you have a good knowledge of pathology subject. Learning all the terminologies used in pathology lab reports is also very crucial.
Q 3 – Which book should I read for Pathology?
Ans : “Textbook of Pathology” by Prof. Harsh Mohan is the most recommended pathology book for in-depth learning and scoring high in exams. Another recommended book for prof exam preparation is Ramadas Nayak’s “Pathology Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates”.
Q4 – Can I refer to online resources for studying Pathology?
Ans : Yes, online resources can be very helpful in concept building and learning. One such affordable and reliable resource is DigiNerve’s Pathology for UnderGrads course. The course is designed as per the new CBME curriculum. It consists of video lectures, notes, and self-assessment questions along with clinical case discussions and practicals in pathology.
INI-CET is a combined national-level entrance examination for admission to the medical postgraduate courses – MD, MS, DM (6 yrs), MCh (6 yrs), and MDS at INI institutes (Institute of National Importance). The INI-CET January session 2023 exam is around the corner. Getting admission to INI institutes is highly challenging and a dream for MBBS students. This is a highly competitive task to secure a seat in the renowned medical colleges in India.
Remember, Perseverance is the key.
The INI-CET exam is going to be held on 13th Nov 2022 for admission to the AIIMS INI-CET January session 2023.
Mode and Scheme of INI-CET January 2023 exam
| Particulars | Description |
| Mode of Examination | Computer-based test (CBT) |
| Duration | 3 hours (180 minutes) |
| Number of questions | 200 |
| Types of questions | Objective type |
| Marking Scheme | +1 mark for every correct response and -1/3 for every incorrect response |
Important things to know:
- If more than one candidate scores the same, then this tie-breaker situation is resolved by applying the following criteria sequentially:
-
- Less negative marks
- Older by age
- Candidates equal to 8 (eight) times the number of postgraduate seats available in each category will be called for the first and second rounds of seat distribution based on the INI-CET merit list.
- Spot Round Counseling will only be conducted if the seats will remain vacant even after the open round counseling.
List of Participating Institutes for INI-CET January 2023 Session
| S. No. | Name |
| 1 | AIIMS, New Delhi |
| 2 | AIIMS, Bhopal |
| 3 | AIIMS, Bhubaneswar |
| 4 | AIIMS, Jodhpur |
| 5 | AIIMS, Nagpur |
| 6 | AIIMS, Patna |
| 7 | AIIMS, Raipur |
| 8 | AIIMS, Rishikesh |
| 9 | AIIMS, Bibinagar |
| 10 | AIIMS, Bhatinda |
| 11 | AIIMS, Deoghar |
| 12 | AIIMS, Mangalagiri |
| 13 | AIIMS, Raebareli |
| 14 | JIPMER, Puducherry |
| 15 | NIMHANS, Bengaluru |
| 16 | PGIMER, Chandigarh |
| 17 | SCTIMST, Trivandrum |
Here’s the tentative seat distribution (Category-wise) for admission to various MS/MD/DM (6 years)/MCh (6 years)/MDS courses at AIIMS, New Delhi and other 12 AIIMS through the INI-CET entrance examination for the January session of 2023.
Table 1: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, New Delhi:
| Courses | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 17 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Anatomy | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Biophysics | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Dermatology & Venerology | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Geriatric Medicine | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Lab. Medicine | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Medicine | 11 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Microbiology | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 11 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | Otorhinolaryngology | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Palliative Medicine | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 10 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 10 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis & Internventional Radiology | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiation Oncology | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Surgery | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Pediatrics & Preventive Dentistry | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MDS | Prosthodontics | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCh | Neuro Surgery M.Ch (Direct 6 year Course) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCh | Paediatric Surgery M.Ch (Direct 6 year Course) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| DM | Infectious Diseases DM(Direct 6 year Course) | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 2: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Bhopal:
| Courses | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anatomy | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| MS | ENT | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | General Surgery | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Radiotherapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine & Blood Bank | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Table 3: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Bhubaneswar:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 9 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Anatomy | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Dermatology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | ENT | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | General Surgery | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Microbiology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Obst. & Gynecology | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Physiology | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | PMR | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiotherapy | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Table 4: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Jodhpur:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology & Critical Care | 17 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| MD | Anatomy | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Dermatology & Venerology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Microbiology | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| MS | Otorhinolaryngology | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Paediatrics | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | PMR | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Radiology | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine & Blood Bank | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCh | Paediatric Surgery (M.CH. 6 Years) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| DM | Radiation Oncology (D.M. 6 Years) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 5: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Patna:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 18 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Anatomy | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine & Family Medicine | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| MD | Dermatology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | ENT | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | FMT (Forensic Medicine & Toxicology) | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Medicine | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | OBG (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 5 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | PMR | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiotherapy | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Surgery | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MCh | Pediatric Surgery (MCh 6 Years) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 6: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Raipur:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 13 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| MD | Anatomy | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Dermatology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MS | ENT | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | General Medicine | 9 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | General Surgery | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Microbiology | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 7 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiotherapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (MDS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry (MDS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 7: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Rishikesh:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Anatomy | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Community & Family Medicine | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Dermatology & Venerology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | ENT | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | General Medicine | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Geriatric Medicine | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Microbiology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiation Oncology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Respiratory Medicine | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Periodontics (MDS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (MDS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCH 6 Years | Pediatric Surgery (MCH 6 Years) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCh | Plastic, Reconstructive & Burns Surgery (M.CH. 6 Years) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MCh | Neurosurgery (MCH 6 yrs) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 8: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Nagpur:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anatomy | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Dermatology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | General Surgery | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Otorhinolaryngology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MDS | Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics (MDS) | 0
|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 9: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Bibinagar:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anatomy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine & Family Medicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | FMT | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | General Surgery | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Peediatrics | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Table 10: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Bathinda:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anatomy | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 11: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Deoghar:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Biochemistry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine & Family Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anatomy | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | FMT | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 12: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Mangalagiri:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anatomy | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Community & Family Medicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | ENT | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | OBG | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 13: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at AIIMS, Raebareli:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Anatomy | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MD | Community & Family Medicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | ENT | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | General Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | OBG | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MS | Orthopaedics | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Physiology | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Last-Minute Tips for INI-CET Exam:
- Candidates must carry all the asked documents such as INI-CET admit card, passport size photograph, valid photo ID proof, and a copy of MCI registration certificate with them on the exam day.
- Reverify all your documents before coming to the exam hall.
- Candidates are advised to go through all the guidelines issued by AIIMS for the examination.
- Candidates must reach the INI-CET exam center before time to avoid any chaos.
- Avoid Stress and be confident.
- Eat healthy and sleep well.
- Time management is a must before and during the exam.
To get conceptual clarity on the MBBS courses online, click here
INI-CET is a combined national-level entrance examination for admission to the medical postgraduate courses – MD, MS, DM (6 yrs), MCh (6 yrs), and MDS at INI institutes (Institute of National Importance). The INI-CET January session 2023 exam is around the corner. Getting admission to INI institutes is highly challenging and a dream for MBBS students. This is a highly competitive task to secure a seat in the renowned medical colleges in India.
Remember, Perseverance is the key.
The INI-CET exam is going to be held on 13th Nov 2022 for admission to the AIIMS INI-CET January session 2023.
Mode and Scheme of INI-CET January 2023 exam
| Particulars | Description |
| Mode of Examination | Computer-based test (CBT) |
| Duration | 3 hours (180 minutes) |
| Number of questions | 200 |
| Types of questions | Objective type |
| Marking Scheme | +1 mark for every correct response and -1/3 for every incorrect response |
Important things to know:
- If more than one candidate scores the same, then this tie-breaker situation is resolved by applying the following criteria sequentially:
- Less negative marks
- Older by age
- Candidates equal to 8 (eight) times the number of postgraduate seats available in each category will be called for the first and second rounds of seat distribution based on the INI-CET merit list.
- Spot Round Counseling will only be conducted if the seats will remain vacant even after the open round counseling.
List of Participating Institutes for INI-CET January 2023 Session
| S.No. | Name |
| 1 | AIIMS, New Delhi |
| 2 | AIIMS, Bhopal |
| 3 | AIIMS, Bhubaneswar |
| 4 | AIIMS, Jodhpur |
| 5 | AIIMS, Nagpur |
| 6 | AIIMS, Patna |
| 7 | AIIMS, Raipur |
| 8 | AIIMS, Rishikesh |
| 9 | AIIMS, Bibinagar |
| 10 | AIIMS, Bhatinda |
| 11 | AIIMS, Deoghar |
| 12 | AIIMS, Mangalagiri |
| 13 | AIIMS, Raebareli |
| 14 | JIPMER, Puducherry |
| 15 | NIMHANS, Bengaluru |
| 16 | PGIMER, Chandigarh |
| 17 | SCTIMST, Trivandrum |
Here’s the tentative seat distribution (Category-wise) for admission to various MS/MD/DM (6 years)/MCh (6 years)/MDS courses at PGIMER Chandigarh, NIMHANS Bengaluru & SCTIMST Trivandrum through the INI-CET entrance examination for the January session of 2023.
Table 1: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at PGIMER, Chandigarh:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care | 27 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MS | Otorhinolaryngology | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Medicine | 18 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Microbiology | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | Orthopaedic Surgery | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pathology | 10 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 19 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis and Imaging | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| MS | General Surgery | 20 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Table 2: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at NIMHANS, Bengaluru:
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation |
2 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MD | Psychiatry | 17 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| MD | Psychiatry (Karnataka Domicile Category) | 7 | 3 | 2 | – | 1 | – |
| MD | Psychiatry (North – Eastern Domicile) | 6 | 4 | 2 | – | – | – |
| DM | Neurology (DM 6 years) | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MCh | Neuro Surgery (MCh 6 Years) | 3 | – | – | – | – | – |
Table 3: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at SCTIMST, Trivandrum
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats | UR | OBC | SC | ST | EWS |
| MD | Transfusion Medicine | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Last-Minute Tips for INI-CET Exam:
- Candidates must carry all the asked documents such as INI-CET admit card, passport size photograph, valid photo ID proof, and a copy of MCI registration certificate with them on the exam day.
- Reverify all your documents before coming to the exam hall.
- Candidates are advised to go through all the guidelines issued by AIIMS for the examination.
- Candidates must reach the INI-CET exam center before time to avoid any chaos.
- Avoid Stress and be confident.
- Eat healthy and sleep well.
- Time management is a must before and during the exam.
To get conceptual clarity on the MBBS courses online, click here
INI-CET is a combined national-level entrance examination for admission to the medical postgraduate courses – MD, MS, DM (6 yrs), MCh (6 yrs), and MDS at INI institutes (Institute of National Importance). The INI-CET January session 2023 exam is around the corner. Getting admission to INI institutes is highly challenging and a dream for MBBS students. This is a highly competitive task to secure a seat in the renowned medical colleges in India.
Remember, Perseverance is the key.
The INI-CET exam is going to be held on 13th Nov 2022 for admission to the AIIMS INI-CET January session 2023.
Mode and Scheme of INI-CET January 2023 exam
| Particulars | Description |
| Mode of Examination | Computer-based test (CBT) |
| Duration | 3 hours (180 minutes) |
| Number of questions | 200 |
| Types of questions | Objective type |
| Marking Scheme | +1 mark for every correct response and -1/3 for every incorrect response |
Important things to know:
- If more than one candidate scores the same, then this tie-breaker situation is resolved by applying the following criteria sequentially:
- Less negative marks
- Older by age
- Candidates equal to 8 (eight) times the number of postgraduate seats available in each category will be called for the first and second rounds of seat distribution based on the INI-CET merit list.
- Spot Round Counseling will only be conducted if the seats will remain vacant even after the open round counseling.
List of Participating Institutes for INI-CET January 2023 Session
| S.No. | Name |
| 1 | AIIMS, New Delhi |
| 2 | AIIMS, Bhopal |
| 3 | AIIMS, Bhubaneswar |
| 4 | AIIMS, Jodhpur |
| 5 | AIIMS, Nagpur |
| 6 | AIIMS, Patna |
| 7 | AIIMS, Raipur |
| 8 | AIIMS, Rishikesh |
| 9 | AIIMS, Bibinagar |
| 10 | AIIMS, Bhatinda |
| 11 | AIIMS, Deoghar |
| 12 | AIIMS, Mangalagiri |
| 13 | AIIMS, Raebareli |
| 14 | JIPMER, Puducherry |
| 15 | NIMHANS, Bengaluru |
| 16 | PGIMER, Chandigarh |
| 17 | SCTIMST, Trivandrum |
Here’s the tentative seat distribution (Category-wise) for admission to various MS/MD/DM (6 years)/MCh (6 years)/MDS courses at JIPMER, PUDUCHERRY through the INI-CET entrance examination for the January session of 2023.
Table: Tentative seat distribution for INI-CET January 2023 session at JIPMER, PUDUCHERRY
| Course | Subject/Specialty | Total Number of Seats |
| MD | Anaesthesiology | 17 |
| MD | Anatomy | 6 |
| MD | Biochemistry | 6 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 6 |
| MD | Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology | 4 |
| MD | Emergency Medicine | 5 |
| MD | Community Medicine | 6 |
| MD | Forensic Medicine & Toxicology | 3 |
| MD | General Medicine | 15 |
| MD | Immuno Hematology & Blood Transfusion | 2 |
| MD | Microbiology | 6 |
| MD | Nuclear Medicine | 1 |
| MD | Pathology | 9 |
| MD | Pediatrics | 11 |
| MD | Pharmacology | 7 |
| MD | Physiology | 5 |
| MD | Psychiatry | 2 |
| MD | Pulmonary Medicine | 5 |
| MD | Radiodiagnosis | 6 |
| MD | Radiation Oncology | 10 |
| MD | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 14 |
| MD | Ophthalmology | 7 |
| MS | General Surgery | 17 |
| MS | Orthopaedics Surgery | 5 |
| MS | Otorhinolaryngology | 7 |
| MDS | Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics | 1 |
| MDS | Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery | 1 |
| MCH | Neurosurgery | 2 |
| MCH | Pediatric Surgery | 2 |
Last-Minute Tips for INI-CET Exam:
- Candidates must carry all the asked documents such as INI-CET admit card, passport size photograph, valid photo ID proof, and a copy of MCI registration certificate with them on the exam day.
- Reverify all your documents before coming to the exam hall.
- Candidates are advised to go through all the guidelines issued by AIIMS for the examination.
- Candidates must reach the INI-CET exam center before time to avoid any chaos.
- Avoid Stress and be confident.
- Eat healthy and sleep well.
- Time management is a must before and during the exam.
To get conceptual clarity on the MBBS courses online, click here
MBBS course, in the initial two years, revolves around non-clinical and para-clinical subjects. These subjects form the foundation for the clinical subjects that are a part of the last two years of the course.
It has been more than two and a half years since COVID-19 began, and ever since then, lives have changed for the good and bad. More than anything else, what we know now as medicos is, that a single microorganism can do wonders when it comes to projecting virulence. Lately, due to those same reasons, this chapter in our microbiology book has gained importance, and this subject, as a whole, is now in the sheer limelight.
As medical students, it seems difficult to develop an interest in subjects that do not seem to have any visible application, like microbiology, and other non-clinical subjects, like biochemistry. However, irrespective of the specialty, you’ll be in, you will be expected to have complete knowledge of all your undergraduate subjects, and that is when you’ll be known as a Top Doc. For this reason, you can’t ignore any of your nonclinical subjects, no matter how boring they might seem.
Microbiology course for undergrads is not as disinteresting as most students think it is. Especially after the introduction of the new Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME), the way of learning and teaching microbiology has been improvised a lot whereas the core syllabus isn’t changed much. Earlier, it was based on organism-based approach, but it has now been completely changed to systemic approach, focusing on each of our body’s systems separately and then classifying diseases accordingly.
As an undergraduate, to excel in the university exams, you must know the examination pattern and the important topics of the microbiology subject.
Changes in the MBBS Prof Exam Pattern
The MBBS prof examination pattern is a little different from what batches before 2019 had appeared for. Earlier, the paper had 2 parts of 40 marks each, with 20 marks of practical. From 2019 batch onwards, the pattern has changed to 2 parts of 100 marks each, and a 100 marks practical, i.e., a total of 300 marks for each of the MBBS 2nd year subjects. The exam now consists of MCQs, case scenarios, short answer questions, and long answer questions.
So, whenever you begin reading microbiology for your final exams, start from the beginning because the entire microbiology is an extension of general microbiology. If your general microbiology is weak, you will never gain confidence in the rest of the syllabus.
Recommended books for Microbiology for UnderGrads include “Essentials of Medical Microbiology” and “Essentials of Medical Parasitology” by Dr. Apurba Sastry and Sandhya Bhat.
Important Topics of Microbiology in MBBS
Let’s know the important topics in Microbiology from MBBS prof exam’s and entrance examination’s perspective.
A medico can easily get to learn all the important topics with Dr. Apurba Sastry’s “Essentials of Medical Microbiology” book. Besides the book, one can also get conceptual clarity with the online course – Microbiology for UnderGrads by Dr. Apurba Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, and Dr. Deepashree R. This course is aligned with the textbook by the same author.
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY MODULE
- Contributions of Louis Pasteur
- Koch’s Postulates
- Bacterial cell wall
- Flagella
- Bacterial growth curve (a must-know topic)
- Anaerobic culture methods
- Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
- Horizontal gene transfer
- Antimicrobial resistance
- Exotoxin vs endotoxins
- Isolation techniques for viruses
- Classification with examples (parasites and fungi)
IMMUNOLOGY MODULE
- Innate immunity vs acquired immunity
- Active immunity vs passive immunity
- Definitions of antigen, hapten, super antigens
- Structure of an antibody
- Various classes of immunoglobulins
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Basic mechanism of precipitation reaction and agglutination reaction
- ELISA (in detail)
- MHC
- Cytokines
- Hypersensitivity reactions with their types
- Mechanisms and examples of autoimmunity
- Mechanism of graft rejection
- Types and examples of vaccines
Before you begin reading the systems, there are chapters on sterilization and disinfection, which have gained more importance after COVID-19. These are highly important chapters because they will teach you basic things like biomedical waste management, PPE kits etc.
So, there are a few questions that are very frequently asked from
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
- Healthcare-acquired infections (definition, and examples)
- The steps of hand washing (will rarely come as a theory question but this holds practical application)
- Types of masks
- Steps of donning and doffing
- CAUTI and VAP
- Definitions of sterilization, disinfection, and cleaning
- Autoclave
- ETO
- Disinfectants (according to the levels)
- Methods to test the efficacy of sterilant
- Color coding of dustbins
- Definition and management of needle stick injury
- Water surveillance
SYSTEMIC MICROBIOLOGY MODULE
Bloodstream & Cardiovascular Infections
- Infective endocarditis
- Acute rheumatic fever
- Fuo
- Typhoid
- Scrub typhus
- Brucellosis and leptospirosis
- HIV (in detail)
- Dengue
- Malaria
- Leishmaniasis
- African sleeping sickness
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Systemic candidiasis
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
- Mechanism of diarrhea and agents
- Lab diagnosis of diarrhea
- Food poisoning
- Botulism
- Types of E.coli
- Shigella
- Cholera
- Rotavirus diarrhea
- Intestinal amoebiasis
- Giardiasis
- Intestinal taeniasis
- Trichura
- Entrobias
- Ascariasis
- Hookworm
The Hepatobiliary System
- Hepatitis
- Liver abscess
- Hydatid cyst
Skin & Musculoskeletal System Infections
- Diabetic foot
- Staph aureus infections
- Streptococcus pyogenes infections
- Gas gangrene
- Lab diagnosis of leprosy
- HSV infections
- VZV infections
- Measles
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous larva migrans
- Superficial mycoses
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Agents of respiratory tract infections
- Diptheria
- Pneumonia
- Tb (a very important topic for us as Indians because this disease is very common in our country)
- Influenza
- Coronavirus (which you cannot skip)
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Aspergillosis
CNS Infections
- Meningitis
- Tetanus
- Rabies especially the vaccine prophylaxis
- Cerebral malaria
- Sleeping sickness
Urinary tract Infections
- Pathogenesis of UTI
- Syphilis, especially the lab diagnosis
- Agents of UTI
- Chancroid
- Chlamydia infections
Miscellaneous Infections
- Congenital syphilis
- Oncogenic viruses
- Zoonotic infections
- Bite wound infections
You will also have to prepare for the practical exam, wherein, passing the practical exam is as important as the theory exam. Moreover, because it holds a weightage of 100 marks, you cannot go unprepared.
Click here to watch online microbiology video lecture snippets by Dr. Apurba Sastry.
Must know topics for practical examination
- Basic staining techniques, like gram staining and Zn staining, Albert staining
- Bacterial colony characteristics and their biochemical identification reactions
- Principles behind the reactions and their reagents.
- parasites and how to prepare mounts of stool specimens
- OSPE stations where several instruments used in the microbiology lab can be kept for spot identification.
Important Topics for Microbiology subject in MBBS (For NEET-PG and INI-CET entrance examinations)
During your MBBS, not just the university exams, but your focus should also be on the early preparation of your competitive exams if you dream to settle in a decent post-graduation specialty. There are two main exams currently being held in India, the INI-CET and NEET PG 2023/NEXT. The weightage of microbiology in the INI-CET is approximately 14-16 questions every year and in NEET PG 2023 almost 10 questions are asked every year.
Some of the important topics are mentioned below:
General Microbiology
Includes bacterial cell wall, bacterial toxins, hot air oven, autoclave, chemical antiseptics and disinfectants, disinfection in a healthcare setting, mac conkey agar, bacterial gene transfer (transformation, transduction, and conjugation), lytic and lysogenic phase of a bacteriophage life cycle, and bacterial growth curve.
Bacteriology
Includes morphology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and lab diagnosis of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Enterobacteriaceae (coliforms-proteus, shigella, salmonella), Vibrio, and Mycobacterium (tuberculosis).
Slight overview of Neisseria, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Brucella, Mycoplasma, wound infection (staph), and invasive diarrhea is important.
Cover UTI, STDs (Syphilis), Meningitis, and FUO.
Virology
Study Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza (Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Antigenic drift, and shift), Hepatitis B, lab diagnosis, Corona, HIV, ELISA, and a slight overview of Herpes.
Cover Picornavirus: Polio, Rabies virus
Mycology
Include Classification, Dermatophytes, Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis, and Histoplasmosis.
Cover Opportunistic: Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Zygomycosis, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis
Parasitology
Life cycles, morphology, lab diagnosis, and clinical manifestations of Ascaris, Trichuria, Enterobius, Echinococcosis (Hydatid cyst), Entamoeba, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium, Leishmania and Wuchereria, Taenia, Ancylostoma, and Toxoplasmosis.
Don’t miss out on these important topics to score high in exams. Undoubtedly, all of us have a different method of learning and DigiNerve has got you covered in all situations. If you are among those who grasp more from visual learning, Microbiology for UnderGrads is one of the best online microbiology course designed by renowned authors, Dr. Apurba Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, and Dr. Deepashree R. This online microbiology course comprises highly illustrative video lectures and notes, along with self-assessment questions and case studies. The lectures follow the new CBME approach to provide conceptual clarity and score high in the prof as well as entrance examination.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
-
What are the major topics of microbiology?
The important topics for microbiology include Bacterial cell walls, bacterial toxins, hot air ovens, autoclaves, chemical antiseptics, and disinfectants. In the Bacteriology module, Morphology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and lab diagnosis of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Enterobacteriaceae (coliforms-proteus, shigella, salmonella), Vibrio, Mycobacterium (tuberculosis) and in Parasitology module, Life cycles, morphology, lab diagnosis, and clinical manifestations of Ascaris, Trichuria, Enterobius, Echinococcosis (Hydatid cyst), Entamoeba, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium, Leishmania and Wuchereria, Taenia, Ancylostoma, and Toxoplasmosis are important topics for exams.
-
Is microbiology important for NEET PG?
Yes, microbiology is important for the NEET PG exam. Approximately, 10 questions come from the microbiology subject in the NEET PG entrance examination every year.
-
How to learn Microbiology for MBBS online?
A medico can subscribe to the online microbiology course or access the online video lectures available on youtube. Microbiology for UnderGrads is one of the best online microbiology courses designed by renowned authors, Dr. Apurba Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, and Dr. Deepashree R. This online microbiology course comprises highly illustrative video lectures and notes, along with self-assessment questions and case studies. The lectures follow the new CBME approach to provide conceptual clarity and score high in the prof as well as entrance examination.
-
Which is the best book for microbiology for MBBS students?
The recommended books for Microbiology for UnderGrads include “Essentials of Medical Microbiology” and “Essentials of Medical Parasitology” by Dr. Apurba Sastry and Sandhya Bhat.
DigiNerve app has been revamped to boost your learning. We always try to improvise the app according to your requirements and provide you with a simplified approach to enhance your learning experience. This time for android users, the app has come up with an upgraded user interface and many new features.
NOTE:
- The previous version of the app is no longer supported.
- Update the app from the Google Play Store and access the benefits of the latest upgrades.
- The update is available on the android version only.
Highlights of the updated version:
- Quick access to videos, notes, and assessments: Access to content is eased out within 2 steps
- Split View: Access the video lectures and notes simultaneously
- Continue Journey Widget: Continue your learning from where you left
- Video Indexing: Jump to the part of the video you want to watch
- Doubt Clearance: ‘Ask a doubt’ feature to seek clarity on any doubt from the faculty
Let’s check out the key features of the app.
- Content Group: Select any group as per your requirement from the top left of the screen.
- Incorporated Search Option: Find content by keywords in the dedicated search tab.
- Announcements: Get instant updates on the latest courses, offers, webinars, etc.
- Find key learning material all in one place: Footer has been enhanced for easy access to content.
For the UnderGrad Courses, the changes in the footer section are elaborated below.
Now, the updated app has the following options in the footer:
- Videos: Get direct access to the subscribed video lectures along with notes and assessments.
- Qbank: Assess your knowledge of the respective course modules with Qbank directly.
- Buy: Purchase any course of your choice from the app itself.
- More: This option provides the user access to the following:
- My Profile
- My Activities
- My Subscriptions
- Report Issue
- Update Content
- Logout
- About us
For the PostGrad Courses, the changes in the footer section are as follows:
- Videos: Directly access the subscribed course video lectures with this option. Click on the course of your choice and get access to video lectures, notes, assessments, and benchmark trials.
- Tests: Attempt active tests and get updated with upcoming, attempted, and missed tests.
- Drug Chart: Access the drug formulary of your subscribed course. Search any drug by alphabet or name and get detailed information regarding its route of administration, dosage, indications, adverse effects, common brands, strength, etc.
- Buy: Purchase any course of your choice from the app itself.
- More (Same as above)
- Continue Journey Widget: Continue Learning option is to restart your course journey from where you left.
- Ask a Doubt: You can seek clarity over any doubt related to content or app.
- Recommended Videos: Get the recommended and latest videos in this section.
- Share: Share the app with your friends and learn together on your journey to becoming top doctors.
- Parallel view/Split view enabled: In both UnderGrads and PostGrads courses, there is a major change done for better learning and user convenience.
- Now along with the ongoing video lecture, you can access the notes simultaneously.
- Skip to the topic you want to watch with the help of video indexing.
- The option of practice assessment of the respective video lecture is also available alongside.
- You can access the notes in full view with the video lecture going on in the background.
- You can now download video lectures, notes, and practice assessment tests to learn offline.
Update the app to upgrade to the new version for effective and effortless learning.
Happy Learning!!
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, JIPMER is one of the finest medical education and research institute in India. The college offers admission to various Undergraduate and Postgraduate courses in medical, paramedical sciences, and nursing stream. Along with this, the college provides admission in Super Specialty Medical courses, Diploma/Fellowship courses, and other certificate courses in Paramedical sciences. The courses offered by JIPMER are MBBS, BSc, MSc, MD, MS, MDS, DM, and MCh. Full-time Ph.D. courses are also available in a few disciplines.
JIPMER Location: JIPMER has two campuses, one in Puducherry and the other in Karaikal. JIPMER, Puducherry is spread over a massive 195-acre campus. The college has been recognized as an “Institute of National Importance” by an act of parliament, JIPMER, Puducherry, Act, 2008.
JIPMER, Karaikal campus was started in the 2016-2017 academic year. The college is associated with the Government General Hospital, Karaikal for the clinical training for the students. The JIPMER courses and fees along with other college information is provided in this blog.
Medical courses at JIPMER
| Medical Courses | Duration of the course | Description | Entrance Examination for admission |
| MBBS | 5.5 years | MBBS course in JIPMER has 61 seats at the Karaikal campus and 182 seats at the Puducherry campus. | NEET UG Entrance Examination. |
| MD/MS | 3 years | MD/MS are available in 24 specialties with a total of 250 seats. Admission to these courses is held twice a year for 125 seats each. | INI-CET Entrance Examination |
| DM/MCh | 3 years | DM/MCh course is available in 21 specialties with 54 seats and 11 additional sponsored seats. * The sponsored candidate comes from the central and state govt. and State Autonomous bodies/PSUs |
INI-Super-Speciality (INI-SS) Entrance Examination |
| Post-doctoral fellowship (PDF)/ Post-doctoral certificate courses (PDCC) | PDF course is a 2-year advanced training programme after MD/MS degree whereas PDF is of one year after DM/MCh degree. PDCC is a 1-year advanced training programme after MD/MS. |
The college offers these advanced training programmes in 18 specialties with 18 seats and 3 sponsored seats. | JIPMER Entrance Examination |
| MDS | 3 years | There are two seats available for this course. | INI-CET Entrance Examination |
MBBS course at JIPMER
JIPMER Admission Process
The admission to Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research for MBBS admission is solely based on the NEET scores for both campuses. The MBBS course duration is 4 and a half months followed by a one-year rotational internship.
Phases of MBBS curriculum
As per the 2022-2023 academic year of JIPMER, the MBBS curriculum is as follows:
| Phase | Duration (years) | Subject |
| I | 1 | Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry |
| II | 1.5 | Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology, Forensic Medicine |
| III | 1 | Ophthalmology, ENT, PSM |
| IV | 1 | Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery (including Orthopedics), Obstetrics & Gynecology |
Eligibility Criteria
- An applicant must be at least 17 years old at the time of admission, or he/she must meet the requirement by December 31 of the academic year.
- Candidates must have received a minimum of 50% in each of the following subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English in the higher secondary/Pre-university/equivalent examination from a recognized university/board.
- For candidates in the SC/ST categories, a minimum of 40% aggregate is required in a single attempt.
- Aspirants belonging to the UT of J&K can also appear for the NEET(UG) exam for admission to JIPMER.
- All aspirants must meet the NEET UG entrance examination criteria.
NEET-UG Exam Pattern for admission to MBBS at JIPMER
The NEET-UG exam is conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) once a year. The following are some important points to keep in mind:
| Particulars | Description |
| Exam Mode | Offline (pen & paper based) |
| Type of Examination | Multiple choice questions |
| Total number of questions | 200 questions (180 MCQs must be answered) |
| NEET total marks | 720 marks |
| Marking scheme | +4 for each correct answer and -1 for every incorrect answer |
| Total duration | 3hrs 20 mins |
| Languages | The exam is conducted in 13 different languages, namely, English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Punjabi |
NEET Exam Section-wise Distribution
In all 4 Subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, and Zoology, there are two sections. Section A comprises of 35 questions whereas section B comprises 15 questions out of which 10 are to be answered. Each question carries 4 marks.
Distribution of seats at JIPMER
The distribution of seats for both campuses is mentioned in the below tables:
| JIPMER Puducherry | |
| Seat Category | Total |
| Open | 134 |
| Puducherry UT domicile | 48 |
| Grand Total | 182 |
| JIPMER Karaikal | |
| Seat Category | Total |
| Open | 45 |
| Puducherry UT domicile | 16 |
| Grand Total | 61 |
Note:
- The open category includes the seats of the General (UR), OBC, SC, ST, and EWS candidates, based on the category option filled in their NEET entrance examination application.
- Additionally, the selected students are required to submit the respective category forms and certificates during the counseling procedure.
- The seat reservation matrix will be displayed on the MCC website as per their code of conduct.
Puducherry UT Domicile:
The candidates are admitted under this category if he/she satisfies at least one of the following criteria:
- Candidates whose parents are living in this union territory for at least five years immediately preceding the closing date of the NEET examination.
- The candidate who had continuously studied for 5 years in any recognized institution preceding the qualifying exam and having their residence during that period.
- Children whose parents are completely or substantially Central Government Servants, Central Government Autonomous Institutions Employees, State Government Servants, Defence Personnel, or Central Paramilitary Forces Employees run either by the Puducherry Union Territory government or the Central Government. They had served for at least a minimum of three years continuously in the Puducherry Union Territory, immediately before the last date for exam application submission.
- The children of the above said employees must have completed their higher secondary examination and higher secondary course for 2 years in U.T. of Puducherry.
- Children of defence personnel died or disabled in combat who reported Puducherry as their hometown.
Under the Puducherry UT domicile, the candidate is provided admission under the following categories:
- Puducherry-Unreserved category (P-UR)
- Puducherry Other Backward Classes- non- creamy layer(P-OBC-NCL)
- Puducherry Scheduled Caste (P-SC)
- Puducherry Scheduled Tribe (P-ST)
- Puducherry Economically Weaker Sections (P-EWSs)
- Puducherry Person with Benchmark Disability (P-PwBD)
Counseling Procedure at JIPMER
The counseling procedure is conducted by the Medical Counseling Committee (MCC), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and Government of India (GoI) for both campuses.
- For counseling, the campuses are treated as separate entities by MCC.
- Admission to the MBBS course at JIPMER will be confirmed only after the submission and verification of all the required documents and certificates within the stipulated time.
- A covid-19 vaccination certificate (at least one dose) is now a must to submit before admission.
Note: If a candidate withdraws his/her admission to the MBBS seat at JIPMER, they’ll have to pay a penalty of Rs.10,000 in addition to forfeiture of fees paid at the time of admission, unless he/she is found medically unfit.
MBBS Fee Structure at JIPMER
The fees for the MBBS course at JIPMER as per the 2022-2023 academic year:
| S.no. | Description | Fee (in Rs.) |
| 1 | Admission Fee (one time) | 5,000 |
| 2 | Caution Deposit (one time) [Refundable] | 3,000 |
| 3 | Tuition Fee (annual) | 1,200 |
| 4 | JIPMER Students Association Fee (annual) | 2,000 |
| 5 | Learning Resource Fee (annual) | 2,000 |
| 6 | Corpus Fund on Academic Fee (annual) | 70 |
| 7 | Student Information details (annual) | 1,500 |
| 8 | Identity card (one time) | 150 |
| Total amount to be paid at the time of admission | 14,920 | |
| Total amount to be submitted at the time of admission in subsequent years | 6,770 |
To get conceptual clarity on the MBBS courses online, click here.
Hostel Facilities at JIPMER
- Separate hostels are available for boys and girls.
- The hostel facility is mainly available for the outstation students and to other students, the hostel rooms are allotted as per the availability.
The hostel fee structure at JIPMER for UG students and interns:
| S.no. | Description | Fees (in INR) |
| 1 | Establishment fees (per annum) [Non-refundable) | 6,000 |
| 2 | Hostel Caution Deposit | 5,000 |
| 3 | Hostel Mess Deposit (Refundable) | 3,000 |
| 4 | Room Rent (including electricity): a. Rs. 500 per month for shared accommodation b. Rs. 750 per month for a single room |
6,000
9,000 |
MD/MS course at JIPMER
The admission to MS/MD courses is solely based on the INI-CET examination score. The duration of the course is 3 years.
Distribution of Seats
According to the July 2022 session of JIPMER PG admission, the MS/MD courses are offered in the various disciplines and the distribution of the seats is as follows:
-
- MD courses at JIPMER
| S.no. | MD Specialization | No. of seats for all Indian Nationals | No. of seats for Indian candidates (Govt. sponsored) | No. of seats for Foreign Nationals including OCI |
| 1 | Anaesthesiology | 9 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Anatomy | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | Biochemistry | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | Community Medicine | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology |
4 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | Emergency Medicine | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| 7 | Forensic Medicine | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 8 | General Medicine | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| 9 | Immuno-Hematology & Blood transfusion | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Microbiology | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 11 | Nuclear Medicine | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 12 | Pathology | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Pediatrics | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| 14 | Pharmacology | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 15 | Physiology | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 16 | Psychiatry | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| 17 | Pulmonary Medicine | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 18 | Radio-diagnosis | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 19 | Radiation Oncology | 4 | 0 | 0 |
- MS courses at JIPMER
| S.no. | MS Specialization | No. of seats for all Indian Nationals | No. of seats for Indian candidates (Govt. sponsored) | No. of seats for Foreign Nationals including OCI |
| 1 | General Surgery | 12 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 11 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | Ophthalmology | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | Orthopedic Surgery | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Oto-rhinolaryngology (ENT) | 4 | 0 | 0 |
The number and distribution of seats may change in the coming academic session depending upon the decision from Competent Authorities. Sponsorship of candidates will be applicable from the following:
- Central or State Government Departments
- Autonomous Bodies of the Central or State Governments
- Public sector colleges affiliated with universities and recognized by the MCI.
Eligibility for admission at JIPMER for PG courses:
- A candidate must be an Indian citizen or Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) or a Foreign National (FN).
- A candidate must possess an MBBS degree from an NMC/MCI-recognized University.
- A candidate must have completed the compulsory one-year rotational internship.
- The minimum aggregate to be eligible for admission:
- For Unreserved (UR), Institute (INST), Economic weaker section (EWS) and OBC category, 55% aggregate are the minimum qualifying criteria.
- For SC/ST candidates, the minimum qualifying aggregate is 50%.
- For the Indian Nationals who graduated from foreign universities, the scores received on the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), administered by the National Board of Examination (NBE), shall be considered instead of the cumulative scores for Indian citizens. The minimum-marks requirements will continue to be as stated in points (1) and (2) as appropriate.
- Candidates who have already started or finished an MD or MS programme in any subject at any institution are ineligible for admission to JIPMER’s MD or MS programme.
- JIPMER has an internal PG quota for students who have passed their graduation from the JIPMER. This quota comes under the Institutional (INST) category.
Counseling at JIPMER:
- The merit list of the qualifying candidates will be available on the website after the declaration of the results.
- Counseling is done according to the category ranks, based on the dynamic Roster Point allocation method.
Fee Structure at JIPMER:The fee payable for MD/MS courses by Indian & Foreign Nationals/Sponsored/OCI is mentioned below:
MD/MS fee structure at JIPMER
| S.no. | Description | Fee (in Rs.) |
| 1 | Admission Fee (one time) | 5,000 |
| 2 | Tuition Fee (per annum) | 2,200 |
| 3 | Learning Resource Fee (per annum) | 9,000 |
| 4 | Corpus Fund on Academic Fee (per annum) | 110 |
| 5 | Student Information details (per annum) | 1,500 |
| 6 | Identity Card Charges (One time) | 150 |
| 7 | Caution deposit (refundable) | 1,500 |
| Total | 20,960 |
Junior Residency:
- All the candidates will have to compulsorily complete the “Junior Residency” of 36 months from the date of admission.
- First-year junior residents are permitted to take 30 days of leave and second & third-year junior residents can take 36 days of leave in a complete academic year.
- All the candidates will have to fulfill the contract agreement under the Residency Scheme.
Pay Scale: The candidates admitted to the PG degree courses will get a stipend according to the 7th pay scale and level 10 i.e., Rs. 56,100 (as per the 2022 academic session) and will also get other allowances and benefits approved by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
Dissertation: All PG students (MS/MD) must compulsorily complete their dissertation as partial fulfillment of the degree.
Mid-Stream Departure:
- For any candidate who discontinues the course at any time for any reason; the fees once paid will no longer be refunded.
- If any candidate discontinues the Residency scheme contract, will have to pay the penalty amount and one month’s salary or serve one month’s notice period.
According to the January 2022 session, the mid-stream departure penalty is as follows:
| Mid-Stream Departure Period | Penalty to be paid (in INR) |
| Within six months from the joining date | Rs. 3,00,000 (Three Lakhs Only) + One month salary/One month notice period |
| After six months from the joining date | Rs. 5,00,000 (Five Lakhs Only) + One month salary/One month notice period |
Hostel Facility at JIPMER
- Hostel facility is mainly available for non-Puducherry candidates.
- Hostel facility is available for the boys and girls separately.
Hostel fee for PG students at JIPMER:
| S.no. | Description | Fees (in INR) |
| 1 | Hostel Caution Deposit | 5,000 |
| 2 | Hostel Mess Deposit | 3,000 |
| 3 | Student Recreation/Amenities | 1,000 |
| 4 | Establishment Charges (per annum) | 6,000 |
| 5 | Room Rent (including electricity): a.Single-room accommodation b.Double room accommodation |
9,000 6,000 |
How does DigiNerve helps a medico?DigiNerve is an EdTech initiative by Jaypee Brothers, a pioneer and market leader in health science publishing with a legacy spanning over 5 decades. It provides top-notch medical content to enhance conceptual clarity, clinical skills, and ace exams. In terms of the calibre of the courses, the variety of subjects, the Gold Standard faculty, and the user-friendly interface, DigiNerve is unmatched.
- DigiNerve provides best online courses for MBBS subjects designed by eminent faculty as per CBME Curriculum and NEET Exam, such as
| MBBS Online Courses | Course Faculty |
| Community Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Bratati Banerjee |
| Forensics Medicine and Toxicology for UnderGrads | Dr. Gautam Biswas |
| Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Archith Boloor |
| Microbiology for UnderGrads | Dr. Apurba S Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, Dr. Deepashree R |
| OBGYN for UnderGrads | Dr. K Srinivas |
| Ophthalmology for UnderGrads | Dr. Parul Ichhpujani, Dr. Talvir Sidhu |
| Orthopaedics for UnderGrads | Dr. Vivek Pandey |
| Pathology for UnderGrads | Prof. Harsh Mohan, Prof. Ramadas Nayak, Dr. Debasis Gochhait |
| Pediatrics for UnderGrads | Dr. Santoah T Soans, Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam |
| Pharmacology for UnderGrads | Dr Sandeep Kaushal, Dr. Nirmal George |
| Surgery for UnderGrads | Dr. Sriram Bhat M |
- Apart from the MBBS and MD courses, DigiNerve brings the professional courses ‘Ultrasound in OBGYN Made Easy’ and ‘Basics of Infertility and IUI Made Easy’ by the top faculty Dr. Chaitanya Nagori and Dr. Sonal Panchal. After completion of the course, the candidates will earn a course completion certificate from Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound.
- An Exam preparation course ‘Cracking MRCP Part 1’ by Dr. Gurpreet Singh Wander and Dr. Archith Boloor, helps a medico with their preparation to crack the MRCP exam. Cracking MRCP Part 1 course is based on the curriculum devised by The Royal College of Physicians (RCP). The course has 15 online modules covering major specialties such as Clinical Sciences, Cardiology, Gastroenterology, etc. The course includes video lectures, e-chapters, 2500+ BOF questions, mock exams, and most of all high-quality notes.
Click here to know the important topics of Community Medicine for NEET-PG.
Click here to know the important topics of Microbiology for NEET-PG.
Click here to know the important topics of Pharmacology for NEET-PG.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the cost of doing MBBS in JIPMER?
The cost of doing MBBS is around Rs. 14,920 as per the 2022 academic year.
Fee Structure of MBBS at JIPMER:
| S.no. | Description | Fee (in Rs.) |
| 1 | Admission Fee (one time) | 5,000 |
| 2 | Caution Deposit (one time) [Refundable] | 3,000 |
| 3 | Tuition Fee (annual) | 1,200 |
| 4 | JIPMER Students Association Fee (annual) | 2,000 |
| 5 | Learning Resource Fee (annual) | 2,000 |
| 6 | Corpus Fund on Academic Fee (annual) | 70 |
| 7 | Student Information details (annual) | 1,500 |
| 8 | Identity card (one time) | 150 |
| Total amount to be paid at the time of admission | 14,920 |
2. Is there PG reservation in JIPMER?
JIPMER has an internal PG quota for the students who have done their graduation from the JIPMER campus. This quota comes under the Institutional (INST) category.
3. What is the stipend for PG students at JIPMER?
The candidates admitted to the PG degree courses will get a stipend according to the 7th pay scale and level 10 i.e., Rs. 56,100 (as per the 2022 academic session) and will also get other allowances and benefits approved by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
4. Is JIPMER included in NEET 2022?
Yes, admission to JIPMER for MBBS is done through the NEET exam whereas, for MD/MS, admission is done through the INI-CET examination.
5. How many seats are there in JIPMER?
MBBS course in JIPMER has 61 seats at the Karaikal campus and 182 seats at the Puducherry campus, whereas MD/MS are available in 24 specialties with a total of 250 seats. Admission to MD/MS courses is held twice a year for 125 seats each.
The National Medical Commission (Undergraduate Medical Education Board) has issued new guidelines and the academic calendar for MBBS 2022-2023 batch on 12th Oct 2022.
As per the new NMC guidelines, the classes for the first-year MBBS batch will start on 15th Nov 2022.
Academic Calendar for the 2022-2023 MBBS Batch
According to the new NMC guidelines, there is a change in the academic calendar of MBBS 2022-2023. However, the duration of the MBBS course is the same i.e., 5.5 years including a one-year rotational internship.
| Professional Year | Time Frame | Subjects | Months(Teaching + Exam + Results) |
| 1st | 15th Nov’22 to 15th Dec’23 | Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry | 13 months |
| 2nd | 16th Dec’23 to 15th Jan’25 | Pathology, Microbiology, and Pharmacology | 13 months |
| 3rd (III-part-1) | 16th Jan’25 to 30th Nov’25 | Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Community Medicine/PSM | 10.5 months |
| 4th (III-part-2) | Dec’25 to May’27 | General Surgery, General Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, ENT, Ophthalmology |
17.5 months |
| Internship | 1st Jun’27 to 31st May’28 | As per the CRMI 2021 Regulations | 12 months |
| PG | 1st Jul ‘28 |
For the academic year 2022-2023, the one-year compulsory rotational internship will start from the 1st June 2027 and end on 31st May 2028, as per the CRMI 2021 regulations.
The following guidelines have been issued by the NMC for the 2022-23 MBBS batch:
- The MBBS batch will commence on 15th Nov 2022.
- The college vacations and examination schedules may be notified as per the affiliated universities of the respective colleges.
Other board guidelines are as follows:
- Regarding Electives – 2 blocks of 15 days each are to be adjusted by the colleges for
- Pre/para-clinical branches
- Clinical branches
- In the 2022-2023 academic batch, the supplementary exams will be conducted with a gap of 1 month from the regular exams and the results will be declared within 15 days.
- There shall be no supplementary MBBS batches.
- The remaining rules and regulations shall remain the same as per the GMER (Graduate Medical Education Regulations) 1997. You can visit the site for GMER 1997 details: https://www.nmc.org.in/rules-regulations/graduate-medical-education-regulations-1997/
- The Yoga and Family Adoption Program through village outreach shall continue for the 2021-2022 MBBS Batch.
Along with the changes in the curriculum and the guidelines mentioned above, a few more notifications have been issued by the NMC from the 2022 batch:
- The NMC has created an Anti-Ragging Committee and Dr. Aruna V. Vanikar, President, UGMEB has been appointed as the chairperson of the committee.
- In the NMC notification stated on 4 Oct 2022, the implementation of HMIS (Hospital Management Information System) is mandated in all medical colleges.
- The NEET UG counselling link is active from 11th Oct 2022 on the MCC official website: https://mcc.nic.in.
Click here to read about the NMC NExT Exam update 2023 including the guidelines, complete structure, exam dates and more.
Forensic Medicine & Toxicology is one of the important subjects, included in the 3rd Prof of the MBBS curriculum. The word ‘forensic’ has been derived from the word ‘forensis’ which means forum. FMT course in MBBS makes a medico learn the application of the knowledge of forensic medical sciences to legal issues. Toxicology includes the study of toxic elements, poisons’ properties, activities, toxicity, fetal dose, detection, quantification, therapy, and autopsy results. In this course, a medico is well informed about their medico-legal responsibility during the practice. Thus, forensic toxicology focuses on the legal and medical consequences of the toxic effects of chemicals on humans. In US & Europe, Forensic Medicine is also known as Legal Medicine or State Medicine.
Objectives of FMT course in MBBS
- The course provides complete knowledge of the law in regard to medical practice, medical ethics, and code of conduct.
- It talks about the medico-legal facets of medicine.
- The purpose of the course is to make undergraduate students much capable of observing and legally inferring correct conclusions. The students are also made to learn the way of handling and keeping track of criminal cases or medico-legal cases in an integrated manner.
- It provides knowledge of the administration, relevant medical laws, procedures, and their requirements.
- The Forensic Medicine course must not be thought as just a passing subject, its significance is well-ascertained during medical practice.
- Practically, a medico must develop a basic awareness of the legal system, observe, and analyze cases carefully, and act calmly.
Course Content
The MBBS course curriculum of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology:
Part I: FORENSIC MEDICINE
- General Introduction
- Forensic Pathology
- Clinical Forensic Medicine
- Medical Jurisprundence
- Forensic Psychiatry
- Forensic Sciences
Part II: TOXICOLOGY
- General Toxicology
- Clinical Toxicology
- Environmental Toxicology
- Analytical Toxicology
Along with the theory lectures, the MBBS course curriculum also includes practical and demonstration sessions in Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.
Pre-requisite for success in FMT
The four things are pre-requisite for success in FMT:
- Power of Observation
- Power of Deduction
- Wide range of exact knowledge
- Power of constructive imagination
Tips on how to approach FMT the right way
- Read from Recommended books
- “Review of Forensics Medicine & Toxicology (5th edition)” by Dr. Gautam Biswas. The book has many features like, each chapter starts with the Learning Objectives, further categorized into (a) must know and (b) desirable to know topics. It also includes important topics, MCQs, image-based questions, and case studies at the end of each chapter.
- “Principles of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology” by Rajesh Bardale
- “Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology” by KS Narayan Reddy, and OP Murty
- Focus on Conceptual clarity
A student must focus on clearing the concepts for a better understanding of the subject. Mugging up in medical sciences doesn’t help in the long run. FMT is a blend of theoretical medico-legal knowledge along with practical sessions on criminal cases, post-mortem cases, chemical injuries, and a lot more. So, it is important to clear all your doubts and focus on conceptual clarity to excel in the subject.
- Simplify your learning with notes
Making notes help filter down the lengthy content of the syllabus. It helps in learning and memorizing concepts easily. It proves for a great benefit during the last-minute revision. Notes also help in memorizing the topics at the time of explanation during lectures and marking important points. They are the best for a quick revision before exams.
- Focus on high-yield topics:
Some of the important topics in FMT are:
- Legal Procedure
- Identification
- Thanatology
- Asphyxia
- Injuries
- Rape
- General toxicology
- OPC poisoning
- Snakebite
- Medicinal poisoning
Watch this video to know the right way to approach FMT in MBBS
- Attend Case Demonstrations
Medical is not just reading books and learning. It is more of practical knowledge and application of the theory into the practical and real world. In medical science, case studies and demonstrations are a must. A medico should never skip any case demonstration session. They form a base for treating the patients in their medical practice efficiently. It is crucial to enhance your FMT learning with practical sessions and case studies. A medico can also understand the case demonstrations via visuals and 3D imaging available in the online MBBS courses.
- Memorize well
The easiest and the best way to memorize is to learn through flowcharts, images, charts, and tables. Learning in a structured format helps in memorizing well in long run. It helps in correlating the topics and clearing the concepts. Try to make your mnemonics for learning to make the most of your visual memory.
- Practice Assessment questions
The best way to analyze your learning is to go through maximum self-assessment questions. It helps in a recap of the topic studied. It also gives a green light to the conceptual clarity of the topic. It not only improves knowledge but is highly beneficial from an exam perspective. A medico can opt for online FMT courses that provide frequently asked self-assessment questions.
Online Lectures to boost your learning
The Forensic Medicine & Toxicology for UnderGrads course has been developed and conducted by a renowned faculty and author, Dr. Gautam Biswas, who is known for his publications “Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology”, “Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology volume-1 and 2”, and “Manual of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology”.
The course is well equipped with highly illustrative video lectures with 1400+ self-assessment questions and worthy notes. Case scenarios and case demonstrations are also included in the online FMT course.
The lectures for the course interestingly cover every relevant topic. The course’s content is clear and succinct with flowcharts, animations, brief videos, photographs, tables, differentiation, and line diagrams to help students understand concepts better. It includes case studies at the very beginning and discussion at the end of sessions along with live videos to explain the concept/procedures. Relevant MCQs have been integrated in every lecture including few image-based MCQs after each topic are also provided with explanation. It covers points to remember at the end for viva and forthcoming NEET PG 2023 exams. The FMT online course is designed for medical students to help them be ready for both their university exams and the NEET PG/NExT Exam.
To get conceptual clarity on Clinical Forensic Medicine, Click here.
Table of Content – Forensic Medicine & Toxicology for UnderGrads course
- Orientation
- General Information
- Forensic Pathology
- Clinical Forensic Medicine
- Medical Jurisprudence (Medical Law and ethics)
- Forensic Psychiatry
- Forensic Laboratory investigation in medical-legal practice
- Thanatology
- General Toxicology
- Pharmaceutical Toxicology
- Sociomedical Toxicology
- Jurisprudence and Forensic Medicine – Qbank
- Toxicology – Qbank
All these modules include detailed sub-topics as per the CBME curriculum.
Scope of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
- Forensic Scientist
- Forensic Expert
- Clinical Investigator
- Criminologist
- Research Associate
- Forensic Medicine Professor
- Jobs at Intelligence Bureau
- Forensic Analyst at Investigation firms
- Manager Forensic Advisory
- Forensic Pathologist
- Medical Officer
- Toxicologist
A medico must keep all senses open while dealing with FMT cases and willingness to work is a must.
FAQs
-
Where can I study FMT online?
Dr. Gautam Biswas’s Forensic Medicine & Toxicology for UnderGrads course is an online FMT course which is well equipped with highly illustrative video lectures, concise notes and 1400+ self-assessment questions. Case scenarios and case demonstrations are also included in this course.
-
What is FMT in MBBS?
FMT discloses the medico-legal facets of medicine. The purpose of the course is to make undergraduate students much capable of observing and legally inferring exact conclusions. The students are also made to learn the way of handling and keeping track of criminal cases or medico-legal cases in an integrated manner. A medico is well informed about their medico-legal responsibility during their medical practice.
-
How do I pass forensic medicine in MBBS?
Make sure not to skip any lecture and case demonstration sessions. Make notes and study on regular basis. You can also opt for an online FMT course to boost your learning with the help of video lectures, case demonstrations, notes, and self-assessment questions for practice.
AFMC Pune is one of the finest medical colleges in India. The college provides admission to various Graduate, Post-Graduate, Post- Doctoral medical & nursing courses. The aspirant getting admission to AFMC, Pune has an advantage of assured career prospects in defence services. The college is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and is affiliated with the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik. It is one of the best AFMS (Armed Forces Medical Services) institutions.
Here, at AFMC, candidates getting admission for the MBBS course are:
- liable to serve in the Armed Forces Medical Service as medical officers
- also commissioned as officers of the Indian Armed Forces, along with becoming a doctor.
MBBS at AFMC Pune
MBBS is a 4-and-a-half-year course followed by a compulsory one-year rotational internship in the selected service hospitals recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC). At AFMC, admission norms are prescribed by the Directorate General Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS), the Ministry of Defence, and the Government of India. The candidates aspiring for admission at this college must be both physically and mentally fit. They must have exceptional leadership qualities and excellent communication skills. An aspirant must fulfill the medical fitness standards and other criteria to become eligible for admission.
Eligibility Criteria For Admission to MBBS at AFMC Pune
A Candidate is required to fulfill the below-mentioned eligibility criteria for the MBBS admission at AFMC, Pune:
- An aspirant must be an Indian citizen, except the 05 Govt. sponsored candidates from Friendly Foreign Countries.
- A candidate must be unmarried and is not allowed for marriage during the course.
- The candidate must have attained the age of 17 years on 31st December of the admission year and the age at the time of admission must not exceed 24 years.
- A candidate must be medically fit according to the prescribed standards by the Govt. of India, Ministry of Defence.
Academic Qualifications:
-
- A candidate must have passed the higher secondary/Pre-university/equivalent examination/B.Sc. examination in the first attempt with Physics, Chemistry, Biology (including practical examination of all three science subjects), and English from the recognized university/board.
- A candidate should have a minimum of 50% marks in each subject (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and English) and a minimum of 60% aggregate in all three science subjects.
- Regarding the Mathematics subject requirement: If a candidate was not having a mathematics subject in the senior secondary, then, he/she must have passed the mathematics examination in the tenth standard. A certificate signed by the school authority (Principal) of the tenth standard is required to be submitted at the time of the interview. If in case, a candidate has not opted for mathematics in the tenth standard, he/she has the option of submitting the documents of the B.Sc. with Mathematics as an additional subject.
Admission Process at AFMC, Pune:
- An aspirant has to mandatorily qualify NEET-UG examination with a minimum score of 50th percentile conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for MBBS admission at AFMC, Pune.
- Eligible candidates interested in admission to AFMC Pune for MBBS are asked to fill out the registration form for counseling & admission prior.
- The list of the shortlisted candidates based on the NEET-UG merit list and who have registered for counseling is displayed on the AFMC official website for the screening process.
- The shortlisted candidates must appear for the screening test at AFMC, Pune. As per the data for 2022, a total of 1700 shortlisted candidates (1380 boys and 360 girls) were called for the screening procedure.
- The final merit list for the boys and girls is drawn separately, based on the NEET-UG score and the screening test score.
NEET-UG Exam Pattern for MBBS admission:
The NEET-UG exam is conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) once a year. The following are some important points to keep in mind:
| Particulars | Description |
| Exam Mode | Offline (pen & paper based) |
| Type of Examination | Multiple choice questions |
| Total number of questions | 200 questions (180 MCQs must be answered) |
| NEET total marks | 720 marks |
| Marking scheme | +4 for each correct answer
and -1 for every incorrect answer |
| Total duration | 3hrs 20 mins |
| Languages | The exam is conducted in 13 different languages, namely, English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Punjabi |
NEET Exam Section-wise Distribution:
In all 4 Subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Zoology, there are two sections. Section A comprises 35 questions while section B comprises 15 questions, out of which 10 are to be answered. Each question carries 4 marks.
Screening Test at AFMC Pune:
- Screening Test includes the Test of English Language, Comprehension, Logic, and Reasoning (ToELR), Psychological Assessment Test (PAT), Interview, and Medical Examination.
- ToELR is a Computer-based Test (CBT) of 30 minutes duration, which consists of 40 MCQs, each of 2.0 marks. There will be a negative marking of 0.5 for every incorrect answer.
- The ToELR test is followed by an interview of 50 marks by a panel of judges. The interview questions can be from general awareness and knowledge, interests, and personality along with the core subjects.
- The candidate with the NCC/Sports participation at various levels and the wards of officers/JCOs/ ORs are given due weightage.
- Psychological Assessment Test (PAT) is just a qualifying examination, and the score is not considered in the final merit list.
- The screening merit list will be based on the final score obtained.
- The candidates are required to bring all the original documents along with the NEET-UG admit card and score card at the time of screening.
How to calculate your Final Written Exam Score?:
-
- Add your NEET (UG) 2022 score (720 points) to your ToELR score (80 points) and divide by 4 to get 200 points.
- The final merit list is based on the total score received in the Written exam (200 points) and Interview score (50 points).
Medical Examination at AFMC, Pune:
All the candidates called for screening are subjected to the medical board constituted by the Director & Commandant AFMC. All the medical fitness standards and criteria are set up by the medical board prescribed for grant of commission in the Army Medical Corps and the decision of the Commandant, AFMC.
If a candidate is found unfit by the medical board, he/she has an option of Appeal Medical Board constituted by the Commandant AFMC. A candidate can apply for an appeal to the Commandant, AFMC, and the decision of the board is considered final.
Few Guidelines regarding the Medical Examination for MBBS admission at AFMC Pune:
- A candidate must not have any serious deformities or organ dysfunction.
- There should be no evidence of an active or previous history of STDs or HIV infection.
- A candidate must be mentally and psychologically fit with no disorders.
- The minimum height of the male cadets is 157 cm (for North-Eastern males, 152 cm), and for the female cadets, is 152 cm (for North-Eastern Females, 147 cm).
- The Body Mass Index must be below 27.
- There are specified criteria for visual and hearing standards and the Lasik procedure.
- For detailed information regarding the medical criteria, a candidate must visit the official site of AFMC, Pune.
Number of seats:
There are a total of 150 seats of which 5 seats are for government-sponsored NEET-UG qualified candidates from friendly foreign countries, under the aid/collaboration programs.
Among the 145 seats,
- 115 seats are for boys,
- 30 seats are for girls
A total of 10 seats are reserved for the SC/ST candidates (from the seats allocated to boys & girls).
Bond Agreement:
Guardians/parents are required to sign a bond agreement of Sixty-three lakh rupees (Rs. 63,00,000) at the time of admission as per the revising college guidelines and rules. Any candidate withdrawing admission after 7 days of confirmation will have to pay bond money.
In any case, if any medical cadet is removed/opted out from the service liability after passing the MBBS examination, the NOC for joining the internship will only be given after paying the bond money and clearing all the dues. All the candidates must pay Rs. 28,116 per week for the training.
AFMC MBBS Cut-off:
A candidate aspiring to get admission in MBBS at AFMC Pune must score a minimum of 50th percentile in the NEET-UG examination to get shortlisted.
The final merit list for the boys and girls is drawn separately, based on the NEET-UG score and the screening test score. It varies on the number of candidates category-wise.
The estimated NEET Cut-off score from a total of 720 marks is around:
- 600 marks for boys
- 620 marks for girls
The estimated cut-off score post-interview is around
-
- 160/250 for girls
- 150/250 for boys
Fee Charges at AFMC, Pune:
Fees and other costs payable by medical candidates are specified in the manual, which will be available online on the college’s official website: www.afmc.nic.in and www.afmcdg1d.gov.in at the time of admission and counseling.
Hostel Facility: All the candidates must compulsorily stay in the campus hostel. There are separate hostels for boys and girls along with the mess facility.
To get conceptual clarity in MBBS courses online, click here.
Postgraduate Admission (MD/MS) at AFMC, Pune
AFMC, Pune provides admission to post-graduate (MD/MS) courses in various specializations. AFMS conducts postgraduate training for the doctors of AFMS to fulfill specialists’ requirements. Additional vacant seats are allotted to civilian doctors and other sponsored candidates of friendly foreign countries, para-military & other govt. organizations and ex-servicemen.
Priority/category for admission:
Admission to the PG courses is controlled by the office of the DGAFMS. There is a priority list in AFMC, Pune, and other AFMS institutions for the admission of candidates to postgraduate courses. The priority list is mentioned below:
- Priority-I: This category includes the AFMS Officers as per the NMC/NBE guidelines.
- Priority- II: The govt. sponsored foreign students come under this category.
- Priority-III: The medical officers sponsored by the Para-military organization/other govt. of India organizations are included in this category.
- Priority-IV: This category includes Ex-SSC AMC officers who were released from duty after fulfilling their contractual obligations and within three years of that release.
- Priority- V: Civilian candidates come at Priority-V. These candidates are required to submit a bond agreement by the Govt. of India at the time of PG seat allotment. If they are unwilling to join AFMS post PG course completion, they will have to pay the bond amount.
All the candidates are required to fulfill the eligibility criteria and the medical standards.
Admission procedure for MD/MS courses:
- All the candidates are required to qualify NEET-PG examination.
- Register and opt for AFMS on the Medical Counseling Committee website to be eligible for admission at AFMS institutes.
- Keep the counseling slip safe to be produced at the time of physical counseling.
- The merit list of the candidates who have successfully secured a minimum of 50th percentile in the NEET-PG examination and have registered on the DGHS/MCC website for AFMS counseling will be displayed.
- After the first counseling round, the candidates desiring to sit in the mop-up counseling round will have to register for the same to be eligible.
- The selected candidates are required to submit the original documents at the time of admission.
- Priority-III candidates must bring a signed subject-specific sponsorship certificate to sit for the counseling.
- Priority-IV candidates require the released orders and movement orders from the respective departments to be eligible to sit in the counseling session.
Service liability:
A doctor seeking admission to postgraduate courses in AFMC, Pune, or any other AFMS institution will have to serve for 5 years in AFMS (Armed Forces Medical Services).
Bond Agreement:
All civilian candidates getting admission to AFMC, Pune, and other AFMS institutions for Postgraduate Degree will have to sign a bond of 54 lakhs to a maximum of 60 lakh rupees. The amount of the bond is subject to be revised every academic year. Any candidate unwilling to serve as a medical officer post PG course or withdraws their admission in between will have to pay the bond amount to the college.
Eligibility Criteria for MD/MS admission:
-
- Any candidate who has completed their MBBS from NMC-recognized colleges can register for admission to medical PG courses.
- The candidate must be an Indian citizen.
- Priority-II candidates must have completed the MBBS degree/equivalent examination. The candidate is also required to qualify for the NEET-PG Examination and apply for temporary registration in NMC under NMC Act.
- A candidate pursuing a PG course cannot apply for any other PG course at the same time.
- If any priority-III candidate wants to withdraw the admission after the seat allotment has to mandatorily submit an application signed by the designated authority of the sponsoring organization.
Specific Age Criteria for Priority-V (Civilian Candidates):
-
- The age of the candidate at the time of admission must be less than 30 years.
- If a candidate fails to complete the PG course before crossing 35 years of age, he/she will not be eligible to serve in AFMS. The candidate will also have to pay the training cost, which is Rs. 36,551/- per week to Govt. of India.
- If in case the candidate denies serving the AFMS for 5 years, will have to pay Rs. 54,50,000/- as per the bond agreement.
Number of Seats:
The number of seats available for the PG courses is subject to the availability of the number of PG teachers, the student-teacher ratio, and other criteria laid down by the Board of Governors in suppression of NMC and affiliated universities from time to time.
The estimated number of seats for the MD/MS course at AFMC, Pune is listed below:
| S.No. | PG Degree | Specialization | Total Number of seats |
| 1 | MD | Anaesthesiology | 15 |
| 2 | MD | Anatomy | 4 |
| 3 | MD | Biochemistry | 2 |
| 4 | MD | Dermatology, Venereology, & Leprosy | 4 |
| 5 | MD | Forensic Medicine | 2 |
| 6 | MD | General Medicine | 22 |
| 7 | MD | Geriatrics | 2 |
| 8 | MD | Hospital Administration | 8 |
| 9 | MD | Immuno Haematology & Blood Transfusion | 10 |
| 10 | MD | Microbiology | 7 |
| 11 | MD | Pediatrics | 8 |
| 12 | MD | Pathology | 10 |
| 13 | MD | Pharmacology | 2 |
| 13 | MD | Pharmacology | 2 |
| 14 | MD | Physiology | 4 |
| 15 | MD | Psychiatry | 5 |
| 16 | MD | Radio Diagnosis/ Radiology | 7 |
| 17 | MD | Respiratory Medicine/ TB | 3 |
| 18 | MD | Social & Preventive Medicine/ Community Medicine | 12 |
| 19 | MD | Sports Medicine | 2 |
| 20 | MS | ENT/ Otorhinolaryngology | 6 |
| 21 | MS | General Surgery | 21 |
| 22 | MS | Obstetrics & Gynecology | 8 |
| 23 | MS | Ophthalmology | 8 |
| 24 | MS | Orthopedics | 6 |
Candidates are required to check the official AFMS website before the commencement of the counseling in a particular academic year for the exact number of seats in various disciplines at various AFMS institutions.
The actual fee structure and stipend are all informed at the time of admission itself.
General aspects to note:
- Stipend: The candidates under Priority-IV and V shall only be provided the stipend as per the norms.
- Accommodation: The accommodation is provided to all the PG candidates, except the Priority-IV and V.
- Security Deposit: All the admitting candidates must deposit Rs.10,000/- as a security deposit.
How does DigiNerve help a medico?
DigiNerve is an EdTech initiative of Jaypee Brothers, pioneers, and leaders in health science publishing with over 50 years of tradition. Deliver premium medical content to enhance conceptual clarity, clinical skills, and trial excellence.
DigiNerve is second to none when it comes to course level, subject diversity, gold standard faculty, and user-friendly interface.
- DigiNerve provides the best online courses for the MBBS subjects developed by outstanding faculty according to the CBME syllabus and NEET exam.
| MBBS Online Courses | Course Faculty |
| Community Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Bratati Banerjee |
| Forensics Medicine and Toxicology for UnderGrads | Dr. Gautam Biswas |
| Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Archith Boloor |
| Microbiology for UnderGrads | Dr. Apurba S Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, Dr. Deepashree R |
| OBGYN for UnderGrads | Dr. K Srinivas |
| Ophthalmology for UnderGrads | Dr. Parul Ichhpujani, Dr. Talvir Sidhu |
| Orthopaedics for UnderGrads | Dr. Vivek Pandey |
| Pathology for UnderGrads | Prof. Harsh Mohan, Prof. Ramadas Nayak, Dr. Debasis Gochhait |
| Pediatrics for UnderGrads | Dr. Santoah T Soans, Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam |
| Pharmacology for UnderGrads | Dr Sandeep Kaushal, Dr. Nirmal George |
| Surgery for UnderGrads | Dr. Sriram Bhat M |
- The course provides highly illustrative video lectures as per the CBME Curriculum with lecture notes and self-assessment questions by India’s top faculty.
- DigiNerve also provides MD online courses, designed by the eminent medical faculty. These course provide evidence-based video lectures and notes, self-assessment questions, clinical case discussions, and regular chat shows.
| MD Online Courses | Faculty |
| OBGYN MD/ | Dr. Aswath Kumar |
| Ophthalmology MD | Dr. N. Venkatesh Prajna |
| Pediatrics MD | Prof. Piyush Gupta |
- Apart from the MBBS and MD courses, DigiNerve brings the professional courses ‘Ultrasound in OBGYN Made Easy’ and ‘Basics of Infertility and IUI Made Easy’ by the top faculty Dr. Chaitanya Nagori and Dr. Sonal Panchal. After completion of the course, the candidates will earn a course completion certificate from Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound.
- An Exam preparation course ‘Cracking MRCP Part 1’ by Dr. Gurpreet Singh Wander and Dr. Archith Boloor, helps a medico with their preparation to crack the MRCP exam. Cracking MRCP Part 1 course is based on the curriculum devised by The Royal College of Physicians (RCP). The course has 15 online modules covering major specialties such as Clinical Sciences, Cardiology, Gastroenterology, etc. The course includes video lectures, e-chapters, 2500+ BOF questions, mock exams, and most of all high-quality notes.
FAQs
1. Can the candidates from Jammu & Kashmir get admission to AFMC for MBBS?
Ans: Candidates from Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh are eligible for admission to AFMC, Pune for the MBBS course.
2. How many MBBS seats are there in AFMC?
Ans: There are a total of 150 seats for MBBS in AFMC, Pune. Among the 145 seats, 115 seats are allocated for boys, and 30 seats are for girls. A total of 10 seats are reserved for the SC/ST candidates (from the seats allocated to boys & girls). The rest of the 5 seats are for government-sponsored NEET-UG qualified candidates from friendly foreign countries, under the aid/collaboration programs.
3. How can I join AFMC for MBBS?
Ans: An aspirant has to mandatorily qualify NEET-UG examination with a minimum score of 50th percentile conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to AFMC Pune for MBBS.
A cataract is referred to as the development of any opacity in the lens or its capsule. It may occur either due to the formation of opaque lens fibers (congenital and developmental cataracts) or due to a degenerative process leading to the opacification of normally formed lens fibers (acquired cataracts).
Classification:
The Etiological Classification includes the following types of cataracts:
- Congenital and Developmental Cataract
- Acquired Cataract
- Senile cataract
- Traumatic cataract
- Cataracts in systemic diseases
- Electric cataract
- Radiational cataract
- Toxic cataract
The Morphological Classification includes the following types of cataracts:
- Capsular Cataract
- Subcapsular Cataract
- Cortical Cataract
- Nuclear Cataract
- Polar Cataract
SENILE CATARACT
Senile cataract is also known as Age-related cataract and is the most common type of acquired cataract. It affects equally all persons of either sex above the age of 50 years. The condition is usually bilateral, but in most cases, one eye is affected before the other.
ETIOLOGY
Some of the risk factors associated with Senile cataracts:
- Age: It is the most important factor.
- Sex: Its prevalence is greater in females.
- Heredity
- Ultraviolet Irradiations: It is responsible for the early onset and early maturation of senile cataracts.
- Dietary factors: Diet deficiency in certain proteins, amino acids, and vitamins (riboflavin, vitamin A, C, E).
- Dehydration Crisis
- Smoking: When a person smokes, it leads to the accumulation of pigmented molecules like 3-hydroxykynurenine and chromophores, which lead to the yellowing of the lens.
HOW LENS LOSES ITS TRANSPARENCY?
Lens gets affected in different ways in nuclear and cortical senile cataracts. In cortical cataracts, there is a decrease in the soluble crystalline lens proteins, amino acids, and potassium associated with an increase in the concentration of sodium, which ultimately results in over hydration of the lens. While in nuclear cataracts, there is age-related nuclear sclerosis associated with dehydration and compaction of the lens. It is associated with an increase in water-insoluble proteins.
STAGES OF MATURATION
- In-nuclear type of Cataract
The sclerotic process continues and leads to the hardening of the lens and decreases the ability of accommodation. The changes start from the centre and spread towards the periphery slowly.
- In-cortical type of cataract
Firstly, there is a stage of lamellar separation which is the earliest sign where the formation of vacuoles occurs in the cortex. These changes are reversible. It is followed by a stage of an incipient cataract where wedge-shaped or saucer-shaped opacity is seen. Then comes the final three stages of cataracts: immature, mature, and hyper mature (morgagnian and sclerotic) cataracts.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The clinical features include the symptoms, signs, and complications.
Symptoms:
- Glare
- Uniocular diplopia
- Colored halos around light
- Poor colored discrimination
- Black spots in front of the eye
- Image blur and misty vision
- Deterioration of vision
Signs:
- Visual acuity: It is 6/9 to PL+ and PR in all quadrants
- Test for iris shadow: It is seen in immature cataracts.
- Colour of lens:
- In nuclear cataracts: amber, brown, black, reddish
- In immature senile cataract: greyish white
- In mature senile cataract: pearly white
- In morgagnian hyper mature cataract: milky white
- In sclerotic hyper mature cataract: dirty white
- Morphology of lens: It is best seen by slit lamp examination.
- Distant direct ophthalmoscopy:
- Absence of opacity: reddish yellow fundal glow observed
- Partial cataractous: black shadow against the red glow observed
- Complete cataractous: no red glow observed
Complications:
- Phacoanaphylactic uveitis
- Lens-induced glaucoma
- Subluxation or dislocation of the lens
Click here to watch the best online video lectures on lens and cataract.
MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT IN ADULTS
- NON-SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
To delay the progression of the disease:
- Vitamin E and aspirin can be taken
- Topical preparations containing iodide salts of calcium and potassium can be taken
-
- To treat the cause of cataract: control diabetes, remove cataractogenic drugs, removal of irradiations
- To improve vision in early stages of cataract: prescription of glasses, arrangement of illumination, use of dark goggles, and mydriatic agent.
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Indications:
- Visual Improvement
- Medical Indications
- Cosmetic Indications
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND WORKUP
1.) Ocular examination
It includes the following parameters:
- Visual status assessment
- Pupil
- Anterior segment evaluation
- Intraocular pressure
- Examination of lids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus
- Dilated fundus examination
- Retinal function tests
- B- scan ultrasonography
- Electrophysiological evaluation
- Keratometry, corneal topography, and biometry
2. General medical examination of the patient
The medical examination should include the following:
- History of current medication
- Any family history
- Investigations
3. Preoperative medications
The preoperative prescribed medication includes:
- Antibiotics
- IOP lowering agents
- Mydriatic agent
- Anaesthetic agents
4. Surgery
- Earlier, couching was done in which the cataractous lens was pushed into the vitreous cavity, and it was the first surgery introduced.
- Then, crude extracapsular cataract extraction was done but soon it became unpopular due to marked complications.
- Later, intracapsular cataract extraction was introduced but nowadays it is not performed due to complications. It is reserved only in cases of subluxated or dislocated lens.
- Now comes the modern technique of extracapsular cataract extraction, which is the preferred method in all cases of cataract surgeries.
OVERVIEW OF EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION SURGERY:
In this method, the anterior capsule’s major portion is removed along with the anterior epithelium, nucleus, and cortex leaving behind the intact posterior capsule.
Indications:
- For almost all types of cataract surgeries in adults and children unless contraindicated.
Contraindications:
- In the subluxated or dislocated lens.
Advantages :
- Universal operation
- Posterior chamber IOL can be implanted after ECCE
- Postoperative vitreous-related complications are not seen
- Incidences of postoperative complications are much less like endophthalmitis, cystoid macular edema, and retinal detachment.
- Postoperative astigmatism is less
- Incidence of secondary rubeosis in diabetics is reduced
Different Techniques of Extracapsular Cataract Extraction:
- Conventional extracapsular cataract extraction
- Manual small incision cataract surgery
- Phacoemulsification
- Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery
Presently, the phacoemulsification technique has become the preferred method of cataract extraction worldwide because the complications are much lesser as compared to other methods of cataract extraction.
However, in countries like India, manual small incision cataract surgery has the advantages of sutureless surgery as well as a low-cost alternative to phacoemulsification.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDHOOD CATARACTS:
The surgical methods opted for the childhood cataracts, include:
- Lens aspiration
- Lensectomy
INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION:
IOL is the method of choice for correcting aphakia.
Types Of IOLs:
- Based on the method of fixation in the eye, the different types of IOL are:
- Anterior chamber IOL
- Iris-supported lens
- Posterior chamber lenses
- Depending upon the material of manufacturing, the different types of IOL are:
- Rigid IOLs
- Foldable IOLs
- Thinner foldable IOLs
- Ultra-thin foldable IOLs
- Based on focusing abilities, the different types of IOL are:
- Monofocal IOLs
- Multifocal IOLs
- Trifocal IOLs
- Special function IOLs, the different types of IOL are:
- Aniridia IOLs
- Implantable miniature telescope
- Piggyback IOLs
- Spherical versus Toric IOLs
- Aphakic versus Phakic Refractive IOLs
Indications of IOL:
It is done in each and every case being operated for cataract unless and until it is contraindicated.
BIOMETRY is the calculation of IOL:
Nowadays online toric IOL power is calculated.
Equipment for Biometry:
- A-Scan Ultrasonic Biometer
- Optical Biometer
Techniques of IOL Implantation:
- Primary IOL Implantation refers to the use of IOL during any surgery for a cataract.
- Secondary IOL Implantation is done to correct aphakia in the previously operated eye.
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING CATARACT SURGERY
- The patient is asked to sit leaned back on chair for 30 minutes.
- Any NSAIDs may be given orally for mild to moderate postoperative pain.
- The bandage or eye patch is applied till the next morning. The eye is inspected for any postoperative complications.
- Antibiotic eye drops are used 4 times a day for 7-10 days.
- Topical steroids eye drops are given 3 to 4 times a day and are taken for 6-8 weeks.
- Topical ketorolac or any other NSAIDs with eye drops are given 2 to 3 times a day for 4 weeks.
- Topical timolol eye drops
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Frequently Asked Questions
-
What causes senile cataract?
Ans: Senile cataract etiopathogenesis is not exactly clear, but it is mainly due to the age factor. Other factors are also responsible like heredity, ultraviolet radiation, dietary factors, dehydration crisis, and smoking.
-
What is the most common type of senile cataract?
Ans: Nuclear sclerotic type is the most common of senile cataracts in which there is progressive sclerosis of the nucleus of the lens. It makes the lens inelastic and decreases the accommodation ability, which hampers the light rays to pass.
-
Is senile cataract curable?
Ans: Yes, senile cataract is curable. It can be treated through surgeries like extracapsular cataract extraction and intracapsular cataract extraction.
-
What happens if cataracts are left untreated?
Ans: If the cataracts are left untreated, they lead to various complications like phacoanaphylactic uveitis, lens-induced glaucoma, and subluxation or dislocation of the lens.
Performing invasive and non-invasive treatments on the human body is the surgeon’s basic role. The surgeon attempts to assist the patient in overcoming the disease by assisting the patient with deformities and injuries through the operation. Surgery has a variety of specialties; one can become an eye surgeon, general surgeon, neurosurgeon, cardiovascular surgeon, plastic surgeon, orthopaedic surgeon, or oncologist. You would have observed that the surgeons have a crew supporting them, who make all the necessary preparations before the procedure may begin and assist during the surgery. A surgeon is a medical professional who operates or conducts surgery on patients. Along with doing elective and preventive surgeries on the patients, these medical professionals also perform diagnostic procedures.
Why Consider to Become a Surgeon in India?
India is the second-most populous nation in the world, and its healthcare industry has only grown since its independence. With the growing population and requirement for healthcare facilities, the demand for doctors is increasing.
While we all aim to achieve specific goals in our lives, we all know that we enjoy the journey more than we appreciate the realization of our goals. The field of medicine is fascinating too. Being in a position of understanding the human body and knowing how to bring it back on track and the experiences in between are the ones that you will cherish for your lifetime. Moreover, the satisfaction of saving lives goes far beyond the feeling of anything. Being a doctor is an honor and a responsibility of a lifetime.
There can be millions of reasons to pursue a career in medicine and become a doctor which can be listed here. However, the most important reason is your call. The pathway to becoming a doctor is not an easy one. If you want to become a doctor, you need self-motivation and an unshakable reason for pursuing a career in medicine that should come from within.
How to become a Surgeon in India
Here are a few guidelines that you must follow if you want to become a surgeon in India:
- Passing the 12th Grade: Candidates must first complete their 12th grade or pre-university course (PUC) in physics, chemistry, and biology (PCB) with the necessary cut-offs to become a doctor.
- Clearing NEET-UG: Students are now required to qualify for the NEET entrance examination. With about 76,928 medical seats available, it is the only entrance exam for MBBS admission in India to MCI-recognized medical colleges. After you get the required percentile, depending on the cut-off marks and attending counseling procedure paves a way for admission to the MBBS course.
- Completing MBBS course: One of the most well-known graduate degrees for becoming a doctor in India is MBBS, and those who achieved the required percentile in the NEET exam are qualified to pursue MBBS. This 5-and-a-half-year program offers Pre, Basic, and Paramedical topics. A medico gets to learn Medicine & Surgery in MBBS. Additionally, students must complete a 12-month required rotational internship during their MBBS. After successful completion of your MBBS degree, you become eligible for higher studies in Medical Sciences.
- Clearing NEET-PG: The NEET-PG (National Eligibility Entrance Test-PG), which is administered by the National Board of Examination, would be the basis for admission to MS courses in medical colleges in India. For admission to AIIMS and JIPMER and other INI- Institutes, the INI-CET examination is conducted. Candidates must meet particular examination Eligibility Criteria to pursue an MS degree in an Indian medical college. Further, selection and admissions to medical colleges depend on the cut-off score and merit list.
- Pursuing an MS degree: The next step after earning an MBBS degree and clearing the NEET PG exam is to earn a PG degree, with MS being one of the most popular PG courses following MBBS. Your path to becoming a surgeon begins with this degree.
Developing both practical and theoretical skills is a requirement of medical college training. Students who are in their last years of medical school must work with patients in clinics and hospitals. Volunteering at community clinics or hospitals helps medical students stand out from their competition. A successful career as a surgeon will be paved by a residency program with a competent mentor in addition to the qualifications and skills for becoming a surgeon.
To get conceptual clarity in MBBS course subjects, access the best online video lectures.
Responsibilities after becoming a surgeon
The following duties often fall under the purview of surgeons:
- Analyzing and evaluating a patient’s medical situation and medical history.
- Engaging in conversation with the patient and addressing any worries they may have regarding their general health and well-being.
- Prescribing the necessary tests and examinations to identify the underlying causes of the patient’s condition.
- Examining and evaluating the test results to diagnose and determine any conclusions.
- Communicating the patient’s most recent state and offering evidence to back up the most recent conclusions.
- Creating and suggesting a remedy to address the issue or perform any surgery if required.
- Following up, reviewing, and assisting patients in taking care of their health as needed to aid in their recovery.
Right Way to Approach Surgery
Some MS Specialisations
- General surgery
- Orthopaedics
- Otorhinolaryngology
- Injury medicine and surgery
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Ophthalmology
- Laparoscopic Surgery
- Cosmetic surgery
- Neurosurgery
- Cardiac surgery
- Pediatric surgery
MCh degrees (MCh, or Master of Chirurgiae, is a Latin abbreviation for general surgery) with any specialization from an institution approved by the MCI are required for people who seek to advance their sub-specialization in any field, such as plastic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, or urology. The MCh degree typically has a lot of research requirements. All candidates who pursue the MCh program must be full-time residents during the three-year training term. MCh can be done as a 5 years course after MBBS or 3 years after MS.
Job Roles
You can choose from several surgical specializations depending on your interests. Types of Surgeon’s Job Roles include:
Neurosurgeon: Covers all elements of brain surgery, including spinal surgery, skull base surgery, pediatric neurosurgery, and a variety of other neurological conditions.
Cardiothoracic Surgeon: Includes Congenital surgery, thoracic surgery, heart failure surgery, transplant surgery, oesophageal surgery, and cardiac surgery are all included in this. In this kind of surgery, conditions affecting the heart, oesophagus, chest, and lungs are treated.
Pediatric Surgeon: From the time a baby is born until they reach adolescence, these surgeons deal with pediatric surgical difficulties.
Orthopaedic Surgeon: Surgery performed on bones, joints, and soft tissues like ligaments, muscles, and nerves are done by orthopaedic surgery, which includes foot, ankle, and knee surgery, rheumatoid, and sports surgery, as well as fractures.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon: They perform the surgery on the face and neck. Correcting face deformities, managing facial damage, and basic surgery to complex head and neck surgeries are all included in the procedures.
Other subspecialties surround vascular, colorectal, breast, endocrine, upper and lower gastrointestinal, kidney, liver transplantation, and a lot more.
Top Surgical Recruiting Firms in India
In India, there are many reputed hospitals where working will feel like a dream:
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, Delhi
- Jaypee Hospital, Noida
- Fortis Hospitals
- Apollo Hospitals Group
- Sri Ramakrishna Multi-Speciality Hospital
- Narayana Health
- Max Healthcare and Super Speciality Hospitals
Salary and PayScale of Surgeons
While surgeons in private institutions earn lakhs per month, those working in government hospitals are paid a set wage of 1 to 2.5 lakh. An entry-level surgeon makes about Rs. 9,71,000 annually. A general surgeon with experience can expect to make about Rs. 24,63,000, compared to a mid-career surgeon with 5 to 10 years of experience who can make about Rs. 11,71,000. The income varies depending on various factors, such as the number of surgeries performed, experience, type of surgeon, area of employment, and so on.
Possibilities for a Surgeon
The more accomplishments you have under your belt, the better. The use of technology to do operations with the aid of robots and other instruments will increase your worth and make you an asset to your organization, which is another area where surgeons may set themselves apart. Specialization is undoubtedly a key element that will elevate your status in society; nevertheless, be careful while selecting a speciality because each one requires time and money. Moving to a semi-urban location is another excellent strategy to boost your possibilities. Due to the rapid growth, one may anticipate the opening of new hospitals in these places to draw in more patients from nearby rural areas.
Future of Surgery
Both technology and surgical techniques have seen a significant change recently. The techniques and tools are being improved, which greatly lowers the risk for the patients. The use of robotic surgery and minimally invasive techniques is one direction we anticipate the future of surgery to take. The new techniques have been adopted by many hospitals, and they also hasten recovery times significantly. The doctors can now treat the patient with the aid of micro-cameras. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicines are two other developing areas of surgery. The medical professionals here use biomaterials to aid the patient’s recovery. An illustration would be the use of stem cells or scaffolds to assist a patient with an illness. The subject is still changing. The ability for people to develop organs from patient cells is soon to come.
The demands of this job can be physically and psychologically taxing. A surgeon’s position calls for in-depth medical expertise, as well as precision, devotion, and skill. A career as a surgeon is rewarding since it improves people’s quality of life. It is not an easy job to save a life, it requires lots and lots of hard work, sleepless nights, and years of practice. The average surgeon’s income is quite lucrative, which opens several intriguing career options. Surgeons typically have a lot of work on their plates, including monitoring patients, doing procedures, attending meetings, and completing paperwork. They occasionally might also have extra duties including mentoring junior physicians and conducting research.
To get access to the best online Surgery course for MBBS students, Click here.
Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and examination of the origin and cause of diseases. It facilitates all aspects of patient consideration, from diagnostic testing and treatment advice to using cutting-edge genetic technologies and disease prevention. It is essential to the study of clinical medicine because it serves as a link between many academic disciplines and medicine. By studying Pathology in MBBS, medicos learn how to diagnose the disease or condition including the cause and degree of severity, track the development of the illness, examine the effectiveness of the therapy and manage the patient.
To know the right way to approach pathology in MBBS, Click here.
Why is pathology one of the best fields of study?
The basis for all clinical medicine, including patient care, diagnostic procedures, and treatment strategies, is pathology. To develop potential treatments for diseases, pathologists experiment with cutting-edge technology and carry out a variety of clinical procedures. They make every attempt to develop a more effective method of combating viruses, infections, and other serious health issues. Pathologists play a very crucial role in research, advancing medication, and devising new therapies to battle infections/viruses, contaminations, and infectious diseases.
Some of the fields of Pathology that students can opt for include:
• Clinical Pathology – A clinical pathologist is knowledgeable about the key components of laboratory medicine and various clinical branches. They typically have training in hematology, microbiology, chemical pathology, and many more. A clinical pathologist typically works in a rural town, community hospital, medium-sized medical practice, or other non-metropolitan centers.
• Forensic Pathology – A forensic pathologist’s primary responsibilities include identifying the cause of death and reconstructing the events leading up to it. This is completed in a careful, meticulous manner. The performance of autopsy exams of the internal and external body organs and determining the cause of death is a significant aspect of the function.
• Anatomical Pathology- This area is concerned with disease tissue diagnosis. Anatomical pathologists need to have a thorough knowledge of the pathological and clinical aspects of various diseases.
• General Pathology- A general pathologist typically works in a big rural town, community hospital, medium-sized private practice, or another non-metropolitan setting. They undergo various diagnostic procedures, blood sampling procedures, and various laboratory tasks.
• Chemical Pathology – Another branch of pathology that addresses the full spectrum of disease is chemical pathology. It includes identifying changes in a broad range of chemicals (proteins, electrolytes, and enzymes) in blood and body fluids in connection with numerous disorders.
• Immuno Pathology – Similar to hematology, the discipline of immunology frequently combines clinical work with laboratory medicine (the testing of patient samples, interviewing, examining, and advising patients about clinical problems).
• Microbiology – Diseases due to infectious organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are the focus of microbiology.
Digital Pathology:
It can speed up the delivery of more accurate diagnostic results while minimizing the impact of human error. The processes used in digital pathology allow it to complete routine tasks more quickly without compromising the quality of the work. Digital pathology is slowly gaining specific support for teaching, tissue-based research, medication development, and the global practice of human pathology throughout the world. Digital pathology is quickly gaining attention. It is an invention devoted to lowering laboratory costs, enhancing operational effectiveness, increasing productivity, and enhancing treatment choices and patient care.
Best way to learn Pathology in MBBS
Refer to Dr. Harsh Mohan’s ‘Textbook of Pathology’
The book includes references as well as the most recent WHO classification of neoplasms and current diagnostic criteria for common diseases. It adheres to a straightforward, clear, replicable, and user-friendly format. Additionally, Prof. Ivan Damjanov generously contributed schematic, gross, and photomicrographs with higher quality and greater resolution to the book. To make it easier for beginners to recognise the structures in the images, each image is labelled. Each topic’s conclusion includes a distinctive eye-catching colour box that summarises the topic’s important themes in bullets for quick review. At the end of each chapter, the book also offers significant review questions (both long-answer types and short-notes on themes) to help the reader get ready and visualise what they will write for the exam.
Enroll in Dr. Harsh Mohan’s Pathology For Undergrads online course
The course is aligned with Dr. Harsh Mohan’s ‘Textbook of Pathology’. The course focuses on the causes, and mechanisms of disease development (pathogenesis), morphologic changes in cell structure, and the effects of these changes (clinical manifestations). The course’s five key features are General Pathology, Hematology, Systemic Pathology, and Clinical Pathology, including Exfoliative Cytology, Body Fluids, and Cytology in Clinical Care. Pathology practicals include gross specimens that are significant from the perspective of an examination.
Check out Dr. Harsh Mohan’s online course – Pathology for UnderGrads
Pathology in MBBS is an exceptionally wide branch, where more than 19 kinds of specializations coexist. Depending upon their specializations, abilities, and interests, pathologists work either in research facilities, clinics, healthcare centers, or pathology centers. Frequently, they give advice and even decide the most ideal treatment in the event of complicated diseases. The pathological reports are a must for better diagnosis and treatment. The reports help specialists to examine the patient, diagnose diseases, and treat them accordingly. Pathologists utilize gross, microscopic, immunologic, genetic, and molecular modalities to determine the presence of disease and work closely with healthcare specialists, radiologists and researchers. They can sub-specialize in various disciples, like gastroenterology, gynecologic pathology, blood sicknesses, clotting disorder, microbiology, lung and breast cancers, and more.
Introduction
- Glaucoma (aka “Kala Motia” in Hindi) is also known as “Silent thief of Sight”, as patients suffering from advanced glaucoma gradually develop irreversible blindness and tunnel-like vision. Patients with advanced glaucoma are not even able to perform their daily routine tasks effectively.
- Glaucoma is very characteristically known by the optic nerve changes and progressive damage to the optic nerve. The changes in the optic nerve results in the characteristic disc appearance and corresponding changes in the visual field.
- The cause for maximum cases is unknown and therefore, primary glaucoma is either idiopathic or has some genetic cases which are yet not precisely known.
- Raised Intraocular Pressure (IOP) is not a part of the definition of glaucoma, as it is just a risk factor.
Broad Classification
- Classification helps to plan a treatment strategy
Key players of diagnosis
For the precise diagnosis, there are five things to keep in mind:
Elaborating the above-mentioned key players in detail:
- Intraocular pressure
Normal IOP:
- According to the studies, normal IOP has a very wide range but for practical purposes, Mean IOP (GAT): 15±3 mmHg (Range 12-18) is considered.
- The “magic number of 21” is a figure of the past, an obsolete concept.
- In a graphical representation, Normal distribution with a slight skew towards higher values is seen.
- Remember many factors, in addition to glaucoma, influence IOP and can be divided into 2 categories (i) those that exert a long-term influence (e.g., genetics, age, gender, refractive error, and race), and (ii) those that cause short-term fluctuations in the pressure (e.g., time of day, body position, exertion, lid, and eye movement, various ocular and systemic conditions, general anesthesia, and some food and drugs).
Diurnal variation of IOP:
- IOP doesn’t remain the same throughout the day.
- IOP value is generally higher in the morning than in the afternoon; normal fluctuation is about 2-5 mm Hg in a day.
- If the fluctuation is not in the normal range within a day, then this IOP damages the optic nerve over a prolonged period.
Applanation Tonometry:
- Clinically, Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT), a gold standard tonometer is used to measure the IOP. This is one of the most reliable ways of measuring the IOP.
GAT is mounted on a slit lamp and the patient sits on the other side. In the biprism of the applanation tonometer, the doctor can see two green mires under a cobalt blue filter and the endpoint of the pressure is reached when the inner margins of these superior and inferior hemispheres touch each other.
NOTE: Never start treating the patient based on one reading of IOP. Make sure to take 2-3 different readings at different periods on different days to ensure the most reliable reading of IOP.
IOP Paradox:
“Everything within 12-18 mm Hg range is not normal and everything beyond 18 mm Hg is not abnormal”.
There are two paradoxical conditions:
- Paradox 1: When there is GON, i.e., Glaucomatous optic nerve damage but the IOP < 21 mmHg, there is damage to the nerve and visual fields. This entity is called Normal/ Low Tension Glaucoma (NTG/LTG).
- Paradox 2: When the IOP value is > 21 mmHg and there is no optic nerve damage and the visual fields are perfectly fine, this entity is known as Ocular Hypertension (OHT; Normal variant).
NOTE:
- Remember, Refrain from using the word “Normal” in the clinical case scenarios because a range that is normal for one may not be normal for the other.
- If baseline IOP is > 30 mmHg, it is reconfirmed once and the patient should be started on therapy without the need for performing a diurnal IOP recording.
Central Corneal Thickness (CCT):
- It is measured by an instrument named Pachymeter.
- Normal corneal thickness is around 520-550 microns.
- It is an independent predictor of Glaucoma.
- Goldmann applanation tonometer calibrated for CCT of 520 mm: a thinner CCT underestimates true IOP, and thicker CCT overestimates.
- A very thin or very thick cornea can impact the decision-making process regarding the need to treat, or the aggressiveness of the therapy.
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Optic Disc/ Optic Nerve Head: Normal Vs. Glaucoma
In the optic disc, the central part which is paler than the peripheral part is called the cup, and the reddish-orange part over the cup is called the neuro-retinal rim (NRR)and the entire neural tissue lies here.
There are a few things we need to consider, for the cup is to disc ratio measurement mentioned below:
- We can consider Optic disc as a ‘Donut’. The central part is empty, i.e., non-neural tissue but the peripheral part has neural tissue (NRR), and we should focus on the health of NRR.
- Cup: Disc Ratio: The central part is the cup and the blood vessel are coming and bending out on the neural rim. It is referred to as Cup Diameter/ Disc Diameter.
- Colour Cup: We must not interpret cupping by just looking at the color of the cup.
- Contour Cup: The important point to consider is the bend of the blood vessels coming out of the blood. It tells the exact margin of the cup.
- Correlate with the disc size: Usually, large discs have large cups and this cupping is physiological. However, a small disc with even a small cup must be examined with caution as it is more prone to develop glaucoma because the nerve fibres are tightly packed. Glaucomatous eyes with small discs may have pseudonormal cups.
- High interindividual variability: There is an immense amount of variability in individuals of the same race and in different races.
- ISNT Rule:
- It is the health of the neural rim that accounts for the health of the optic nerve.
- As a rule, the inferior neural rim of the optic disc is the thickest followed by the superior rim followed by the nasal rim, and the temporal rim is the thinnest. This is called the ISNT Rule.
- Nearly 80% of healthy optic nerves follow the ISNT rule. 20% of normal individuals can have different thicknesses of the rims but with all the other tests, we can rule out glaucoma in those individuals.
- In advanced cases of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, there occurs concentric NRR loss.
Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy (GON):
- Glaucoma is a disease that begins with asymmetry. Initially, the cupping in one eye is different from the other eye. When the asymmetry of the cup: disc ratio between the two eyes is more than 0.2, a person is labelled as Glaucoma Suspect.
Characteristics features of GON include:
- Generalized or focalized increase in the optic cup size and the cup: disc ratio
- Vertical enlargement of the optic cup (especially at the superior and inferior poles)
- Asymmetric cupping (0.2 cup-disc ratio difference) between the two eyes
- Narrowing or notching of the neural rim
- Splinter/ Drance hemorrhages
- Changes in vessel configuration and caliber
- Increased visibility of the lamina cribrosa pores
Accurate documentation with an optic disc drawing at baseline is important and can be supplemented with stereo-optic disc photography. Changes in disc findings are more sensitive indicators of the presence and progression of the disease
- Gonioscopy
- To classify the anterior angle chambers into Open Angle Glaucoma and Closed Angle Glaucoma, a lens called a Gonioscope to view the angles.
- Why can’t we see the anterior chamber angle with the slit lamp or direct observation?
There is a small protrusion of the scleral tissue which projects anteriorly to the angle just like the watch glass fitted into the rim of a wristwatch. Similarly, because of the projection of scleral tissue, the cornea is fitted like a watch glass. There is a total internal reflection at the cornea-air interface and the light rays do not get out to reach our eyes. So, the curvature of the cornea creates internal reflection and therefore we need an additional lens called a Goniolens.
- What does a Goniolens do?
Gonio lens permits the visualization of the angle by eliminating the cornea as a refracting surface by placing a concave surface against the cornea.
So, these different glasses allow visualization of the angles using obliquely inclined mirrors.
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- What if the angles are closed?
- Once angle closure is diagnosed, categorize the stage of angle closure
- Find out the whether the angle closure is appositional or synechial. If the goniolens. is pressed in the centre of the cornea, the aqueous from the centre is displaced towards the angle and open it up artificially. This means that the angle closure is appositional. But if there were adhesions between the iris and the cornea or the lens, there are synechia, then whatever amount of displacement of aqueous is there, it will not open the angles and this is called Synechial angle closure.
- When to do gonioscopy?
All Glaucoma patients need to undergo:
-
-
- Initial examination
- Repeat every 1-2 years as the human body is dynamic and with age, health conditions keep on changing
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- What is seen through the Goniolens?
- Schwalbe’s line (SL)
- Trabecular meshwork (TM)
- Scleral spur (SS)
- Ciliary body band (CBB)
In Secondary Glaucoma,
- Pigmentary Glaucoma: Mascara line is seen which has a lot of pigments.
- Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: Sampolesi’s Line
- Angle recession: Seen in the case of trauma
- NVG: Abnormal blood vessels as seen in the Neovascular Glaucoma.
- Visual field
- Visual field testing is known as Perimetry.
- Up to 37% of optic nerve fibers need to be lost before a VFD is found on automated perimetry, usually progressing from mid-peripheral or paracentral VFD in the earlier stages, to loss of central fixation points and temporal visual field loss in advanced
- Standard automated full-threshold static perimetry is preferred; use the same test strategy for comparison.
- Glaucoma visual field defect respects the horizontal meridian. Defects respecting vertical meridian, are likely due to neurophthalmic problems.
- Reliable tests are crucial and influenced by learning, patient comprehension and cooperation, artifacts, and other ocular pathology.
- Characteristic traits of glaucomatous visual field defects:
- Asymmetrical along the horizontal midline
- Located in the mid periphery(5-25° of fixation)
- Reproducible
- Not attributable to any other pathology
- Localized
- Correlating with the appearance of optic disc
- Whenever there is thinning of the inferior neuro-retinal rim, there will be superior optic nerve defect and vice versa.
- After analyzing the structural changes, match them with the corresponding functional defects.
- Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis: RNFL thinning detected with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful to diagnose early glaucoma. Use in conjunction with the other parameters.
- Risk Factors
- Elevated IOP
- Myopia
- Optic nerve changes
- Family history of glaucoma
- Increasing age
- Race
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cardiovascular disease
Treatment:
The main goals of treatment are:
- To preserve visual function with stable optic nerve and visual field status in the patient’s lifetime, by controlling IOP within the target range and addressing other risk factors, and
- To maintain quality of life.
IOP lowering by medication, laser, or surgery is the mainstay of treatment to prevent glaucoma development and retard progression.
(Detailed discussion in a subsequent blog)
Putting it all together!!
- Does this patient have glaucoma?
- If not, how high is the risk of developing glaucoma?
- What other tests need to be done?
- When do you see this patient back?
- When/How do you start treatment?
- What is the prognosis for this patient?
‘Basic Toolkit for Glaucoma’ by Dr. Parul Ichhpujani
To get conceptual clarity in Ophthalmology online, subscribe to CBME & NEET-oriented Ophthalmology for UnderGrads course.
Dr. Parul Ichhpujani
MS, MBA
Professor at Glaucoma Services
Department of Ophthalmology, Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore is a private medical college, hospital, and research institute. CMC is one of the best private medical colleges in India. In and around Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, this institute has a network of primary, secondary, and tertiary care hospitals. Dr. Ida Scudder is the founder of CMC Vellore. The college is affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai. CMC, Vellore is approved by NMC (National Medical Commission). It is ranked as one of the top medical colleges in India. The institution offers admission to various disciplines of sciences: medical science, nursing, allied health sciences, some other master’s and doctoral programs, and post-graduate engineering programs.
The college offers admission to various programs including:
- Undergraduate medical course (MBBS)
- Medical postgraduate courses (diploma, degree, and higher speciality courses)
- Certification courses
- Postdoctoral fellowship courses
- Distance education program
- Undergraduate nursing program
- Nursing postgraduate courses (diploma, degree, and fellowships)
- Allied health sciences degree courses
- MBA in hospital and health systems management (HHSM)
- MS Bioengineering
- Tech. Clinical Engineering
- D. Medical Sciences
MBBS in CMC Vellore
MBBS is a four-and-a-half-year course followed by one year compulsory rotating residential internship. In CMC, Vellore, the MBBS course comes under the group A category. As per the CBME curriculum, the undergraduate course in medicine comprises three phases.
Three phases in MBBS Curriculum
| Phases in MBBS Curriculum | Duration | Subjects Included |
| 1 (Pre-Clinical Phase) | 13 months | Basic Sciences, Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Introduction to Community Medicine, Humanities, and Professional Development |
| 2 (Para-Clinical Phase) | 12 months | Pharmacology, Pathology, and Microbiology |
| 3 (Clinical Phase) | Part 1: 13 months
Part 2: 13 months |
Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Otorhinolaryngology.
Medicine and Allied Specialties, Surgery & Allied Specialties, Child Health, and Obstetrics & Gynecology. |
Block postings and Internship at CMC Vellore
As per the guidelines of the National Medical Commission,
- Along with regular classes, medical students also have to undergo block postings after phase 1 of their MBBS course at community health centers, mission hospitals, and secondary care centers.
- A medical student also has to compulsorily complete the rotational internship for 12 months. They are posted in the discipline of community health, medicine, surgery, obstetrics & gynecology, orthopaedics, emergency medicine, and short elective subjects.
- At CMC, Vellore, the students are allocated community health centers, mission hospitals, and secondary care centers for internships.
Admission procedure
Admission to the MBBS undergraduate course in CMC, Vellore solely depends on the NEET-UG score. An aspirant to get admission at CMC needs to qualify and crack the NEET-UG (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) examination with a good score.
Eligibility to get admission at Christian Medical College
- Candidate must have completed 10+2 higher secondary schooling or equivalent examination, and the last two years of education must include Physics, Chemistry, and Biology/Biotechnology as major subjects with English from the Tamil Nadu State board or any other equivalent examination board.
- Candidates must have attained a minimum of 50% marks in all the subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English individually for the general category, and a minimum of 40% aggregate for BC, MBC, SC/ST candidates is required in a single attempt. The criteria mentioned are subject to change as per the state & university guidelines.
- At the time of admission, a candidate must have completed 17 years of age or should complete the mentioned on or before 31st December of the said year.
NEET-UG Exam Pattern for admission to MBBS at CMC Vellore
The NEET-UG exam is conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) once a year. The following are some important points to keep in mind:
| Particulars | Description |
| Exam Mode | Offline (pen & paper based) |
| Type of Examination | Multiple choice questions |
| The total number of questions | 200 questions (180 MCQs must be answered) |
| NEET total marks | 720 marks |
| Marking scheme | +4 for each correct answer and -1 for every incorrect answer |
| Total duration | 3hrs 20 mins |
| Languages | The exam is conducted in 13 different languages, namely, English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Punjabi |
NEET Exam Section-wise Distribution:
In all 4 Subject sections, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Zoology, there are two sections, section A comprises 35 questions and section B comprises 15 questions out of which 10 are to be answered. Each question carries 4 marks.
Number of Seats for 2022-2023 at CMC, Vellore
The total number of MBBS candidate seats is 100 and the seat distribution is as follows:
- All India open category: 16 seats
a. One candidate is selected by Govt. of India under the ‘Central Pool Scheme’.
b. 20% i.e., 3 seats are reserved for the SC/ST candidates. - Minority Network Category & CMC, Vellore staff quota: 84 Seats
Steps to get admission into CMC Vellore
- Fill out the application form for an undergraduate course from the CMC, Vellore official site.
- Provide your NEET application form details.
- Submission of the receipts of the certification forms from Minority Network Organizations (if applicable).
- Apply to the Tamil Nadu Selection Committee for the counseling process in the relevant category.
- The selection is based on the NEET-UG score and candidates are required to fill the NEET-UG score and rank on the CMC, Vellore admission site.
- Submission of the Arno & rank of TN Management Quota.
- Be updated with the release of the merit list.
- Counseling by Tamil Nadu Selection Committee, DME, Chennai.
All these steps are to be done in the stipulated period as provided by the college. So, be updated.
Admission Process after Counseling at CMC, Vellore
- After the counseling procedure, the candidate is required to register for the course by paying the tuition fees and completing other formalities, and submitting original certificates.
- The admission confirmation is approved by Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University. Until the approval, admission continues to be provisional.
- After the confirmation of the MBBS admission at CMC, Vellore, a candidate needs to submit their original required documents at the university campus.
- All the candidates getting admission to CMC, Vellore need to undergo a medical fitness check-up and the admission gets confirmed only after the medical fitness clearance by the Medical Board, CMC, Vellore.
MBBS Course Fee at CMC, Vellore
The fees to be paid at the time of registration for admissions to the MBBS course at CMC, Vellore is mentioned in the table below:
| Particulars | Fees (in rupees) |
| Tuition fees | 3,000 |
| One-time College fee at Admission | 10,300 |
| Other Annual Fee | 25,105 |
| One-time payment to the University | 14,425 |
| Total | 52,830 |
*The course fee may change in the coming years depending upon the University rules and regulations.
MBBS Cut-off at CMC, Vellore
Based upon the analysis of the previous years’ cut-offs, the estimated NEET-UG cut-off marks for the MBBS course for admission at CMC, Vellore are mentioned below:
| Category | Estimated Cut off Score |
| General | 600 |
| Minority | 380 |
| Institutional/Staff | 500 |
| SC/ST | 520 |
To get the conceptual clarity on the MBBS courses online, click here.
Medical Postgraduate Courses at CMC, Vellore
In CMC, Vellore Admission to PG Degree, Diploma, PG diploma courses, and fellowship courses come under the Group B category. Admission to the MD/MS courses is done based on the NEET-PG score. All the students need to get into the NEET-PG merit list for admission to the PG courses with the required cut-off score.
PG Courses and Number of Seats
The Christian Medical College offers admission to various post-graduate specialization courses.
- The CMC Vellore provides admission to MD courses for various subjects along with the number of seats mentioned below:
| MD Specialization Courses | Number of Seats |
| Anaesthesiology | 33 |
| Anatomy | 4 |
| Biochemistry | 2 |
| Community Medicine | 6 |
| Dermatology Venerol & Lep. | 5 |
| Emergency Medicine | 3 |
| Family Medicine | 2 |
| Geriatrics | 3 |
| General Medicine | 16 |
| Microbiology | 4 |
| Nuclear Medicine | 2 |
| Pediatrics | 20 |
| Pathology | 8 |
| Pharmacology | 2 |
| Physiology | 4 |
| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 4 |
| Psychiatry | 12 |
| Radiodiagnosis | 12 |
| Radiation Oncology | 8 |
| Respiratory Medicine | 4 |
| Transfusion Medicine | 3 |
- The CMC Vellore provides admission to MS courses for various subjects along with the number of seats mentioned below:
| MS specialization Courses | Number of Seats |
| Otorhinolaryngology | 8 |
| General Surgery | 10 |
| Obstetrics & Gynecology | 17 |
| Ophthalmology | 9 |
| Orthopaedics | 12 |
Service Obligation at CMC, Vellore
- The service obligation of 3 years is mandated for all the MS/MD candidates, except for the clinical specialties (General merit category).
- Candidates admitted to the clinical specialties under the general merit category have a service obligation of 1 year.
- Candidates admitted to the pre-and para-clinical specialties under the general merit category, have no service obligation.
- For diploma courses, the service obligation period is a minimum of 2 years whereas, general merit candidates are exempted from the same.
- After the course completion, the service obligation is served at the CMC, Vellore or any of the associated mission hospitals.
Facilities available for the medical PG trainees
- Stipend
- Accommodation
- Research activity of each department
- Medical records department
- Recreation
- Staff/student health clinic
Fee Structure for the Postgraduate Medical Courses at CMC, Vellore
The fees to be paid at the time of registration for admissions to the Medical PG courses (MD/MS) at CMC are mentioned in the table below:
| Particulars | 2 yr Post Diploma Degree (in rupees) | 3 yr PG Degree (in rupees) |
| Tuition fees | 800 | 1200 |
| One-time admission fees | 1200 | 30,000 |
| University fees | 1,35,610 | 1,35,610 |
| Others | 17,600 | 19,600 |
| Total | 1,74,010 | 1,86,410 |
*The course fee may change in the coming years depending upon the University rules and regulations.
NEET-PG Cut-off Score for MS/MD admission to CMC, Vellore
Based upon the analysis of the previous years’ cut-offs, the estimated cut-off marks for the medical PG specialization courses for admission at CMC, Vellore are mentioned below:
| Specialization | Estimated Cut-off Score |
| Anesthesiology | 400 |
| Anatomy | 460 |
| Biochemistry | 430 |
| Community Medicine | 500 |
| Dip. In Clinical Pathology | 480 |
| Dermatology Venerol & Lep. | 540 |
| Emergency Medicine | 500 |
| Family Medicine | 450 |
| Geriatrics | 380 |
| General Surgery | 460 |
| General Medicine | 590 |
| Microbiology | 450 |
| Neurosurgery | 500 |
| Nuclear Medicine | 500 |
| Obstetrics & Gynecology | 380 |
| Ophthalmology | 400 |
| Orthopedics | 450 |
| Pediatrics | 440 |
| Pathology | 450 |
| Pharmacology | 600 |
| Physiology | 480 |
| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 450 |
| Psychiatry | 360 |
| Radiodiagnosis | 450 |
| Radiation Oncology | 450 |
| Respiratory Medicine | 490 |
| Transfusion Medicine | 600 |
Certificate courses after MBBS
The certificate courses offered by the CMC Vellore for the MBBS graduates are mentioned below:
| Course Name | Duration | Number of Seats |
| Accident & Emergency Medicine | 2 years | 10 |
| Neonatology | 1 year | 1 |
| Palliative Medicine | 1 year | 2 |
| Acute Care Pediatrics | 1 year | 1 |
- CMC, Vellore also provides admission to various higher specialty and Postdoctoral diploma courses and allied health sciences courses.
- After completing MBBS, a medico can also pursue M.Sc. Epidemiology and Master of Public Health Administration.
CMC, Vellore Hostel Fees and Facility
- Hostel Facility for MBBS Students: MBBS students live in the campus hostels. The Bagayam campus of the CMC, Vellore has girls’ and boys’ hostels. The girls’ hostel is named as ‘Paradise on Earth’, while the boys’ hostel is named as ‘Mansion of the Gods’. Boys are required to submit the hostel charges (Deposits and advance) of10,000/- and girls Rs.8,000/-. The approximate living expenses per month for the hostel are Rs.6,000/- for boys and girls.
- Hostel facility for other courses: The women’s hostel and men’s hostel for the students of allied health courses are named as the ‘Fitch Hostel’ and the ‘Dorothy Joske Hostel’. The ‘Modale International Hostel’ is allocated for the elective course students/visitor observer students from overseas. The hostel and its charges vary as per the student’s course.
All the hostels are well equipped with all the necessities of a student and other facilities such as a Hostel Chapel, recreation room, gymnasium, library, dance room, music room, prayer room, mini kitchen, TV/Projector room. The food facility with vegetarian and non-vegetarian food is also available for all the residents.
How does DigiNerve help a medico?
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- DigiNerve provides best online courses for MBBS subjects designed by eminent faculty as per CBME Curriculum and NEET Exam, such as
| MBBS Online Courses | Course Faculty |
| Community Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Bratati Banerjee |
| Forensics Medicine and Toxicology for UnderGrads | Dr. Gautam Biswas |
| Medicine for UnderGrads | Dr. Archith Boloor |
| Microbiology for UnderGrads | Dr. Apurba S Sastry, Dr. Sandhya Bhat, Dr. Deepashree R |
| OBGYN for UnderGrads | Dr. K Srinivas |
| Ophthalmology for UnderGrads | Dr. Parul Ichhpujani, Dr. Talvir Sidhu |
| Orthopaedics for UnderGrads | Dr. Vivek Pandey |
| Pathology for UnderGrads | Prof. Harsh Mohan, Prof. Ramadas Nayak, Dr. Debasis Gochhait |
| Pediatrics for UnderGrads | Dr. Santoah T Soans, Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam |
| Pharmacology for UnderGrads | Dr Sandeep Kaushal, Dr. Nirmal George |
| Surgery for UnderGrads | Dr. Sriram Bhat M |
- Apart from the MBBS and MD courses, DigiNerve brings the professional courses ‘Ultrasound in OBGYN Made Easy’ and ‘Basics of Infertility and IUI Made Easy’ by the top faculty Dr. Chaitanya Nagori and Dr. Sonal Panchal. After completion of the course, the candidates will earn a course completion certificate from Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound.
- An Exam preparation course ‘Cracking MRCP Part 1’ by Dr. Gurpreet Singh Wander and Dr. Archith Boloor, helps a medico with their preparation to crack the MRCP exam. Cracking MRCP Part 1 course is based on the curriculum devised by The Royal College of Physicians (RCP). The course has 15 online modules covering major specialties such as Clinical Sciences, Cardiology, Gastroenterology, etc. The course includes video lectures, e-chapters, 2500+ BOF questions, mock exams, and most of all high-quality notes.
FAQs
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How many marks are required in NEET for MBBS in CMC Vellore?
Ans: The estimated cut off score for admission to CMC, Vellore is around 600+ in the NEET Examination for general category. For the OBC/SC/ST & Minority groups, the estimated cut-off score is around 500 marks. For sponsored & management quota students, the cut-off range is comparatively lower.
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Is CMC Vellore a deemed university?
Ans: No, CMC Vellore is not a deemed University. It is a private college, affiliated with Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai run by the Christian community.
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Is CMC good for MBBS?
Ans: CMC Vellore is ranked 3rd as per NIRF ranking 2022 after AIIMS, Delhi, and PGIMER, Chandigarh. It is one of the best medical colleges in India.
Gynecology and obstetrics both focus on the female reproductive system. Gynecology deals with non-pregnant women whereas Obstetrics deals with pregnancy and the procedures and issues that go along with it, thus obstetrics deals with both the mother and the infant. To lower the risk of newborn disease and mortality, obstetricians closely collaborate with pediatricians and neonatologists on newborn care. They also remove cancers, fibroids, etc, surgically, although many gynecological problems require hormonal and other pharmacological therapy too.
What an obstetrician does:
The duties obstetricians carry out consist of:
- Obstetricians are in charge of collaborating with midwives to monitor and support a woman’s natural birth while she is in labor.
- One of their roles is to execute an episiotomy, which entails making precise cuts over the pregnant woman’s perineum to widen the birth canal.
- In some cases, assistance may be required to hasten protracted delivery to lessen maternal exhaustion and infant suffering (rising heart rate and possible brain damage to the baby). This makes use of methods like vacuum-assisted birth and forceps delivery.
- Caesarean (or C) section, calls for the baby to be surgically removed from the mother’s womb to lessen difficulties during labor. If a C-section is not used to hurry the delivery, difficulties could ultimately result in the baby’s death or physical harm.
- Therapy and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. When the fertilized ovum is implanted somewhere other than the womb, it results in an ectopic pregnancy. It frequently ends up in the fallopian tubes.
What a gynecologist does:
Gynecologists employ a variety of diagnostic and curative techniques. The following are a few of the common gynecological procedures:
- Hysterectomy or uterus removal
- Removing ovaries
- Fallopian tubes are removed during surgery
- Hysteroscopy and colposcopy involve employing tools like endoscopes to inspect the uterus’ inside.
- Taking care of uterine fibroids
- Identifying and treating sexually transmitted diseases
- Diagnosing menstrual issues, such as absence, severe bleeding, irregular or no periods, etc.
- Examination of the reproductive organs with ultrasound.
Objectives of Learning OBGYN
The Obstetrics and Gynecology Department offers modern, comprehensive screening and therapeutic techniques in a sympathetic environment for women in all stages of life.
In addition to regular gynecology procedures and medical treatments, a dedicated team provides cutting-edge motherhood facilities for routine and high-risk pregnancies, post-delivery and family planning services, sterility screening and handling, and all endoscopic gynecological operations.
Moreover, the department addresses high-risk pregnancies using prenatal diagnostic tests such as infant color doppler, amniocentesis, and velocimetry investigations. It also includes colposcopy, pap smear, and HPV-CO testing for going through menopausal women for cancer screening.
Aspirants can get a variety of profitable jobs in India and overseas by enrolling in this course. You can pursue additional education, such as research studies at prestigious universities and research institutions. Medical specialties like gynecology, cancer, critical care, reproductive endocrinology, or maternal-fetal medicine are all open to you as a career option. In India, postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynecology is either a three-year master’s program or a two-year diploma program. You can pursue a sub-specialty training program in fellowships after finishing your residency training.
OBGYN in MBBS
In their fourth year of MBBS, undergraduate students who are studying OBGYN participate in case discussions in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. A medico must also do a one-month OBGYN internship in addition to this. They receive instruction in the labor room, family planning OPD and OT, and obstetrics and gynecology OPD’s wards and OTs throughout their internship.
PG in OBGYN
A three-year, full-time postgraduate programme in OBGYN aims at training students to provide care to each patient, both pregnant and non-pregnant, as well as a thorough superior assessment of the entire medical pathology associated with the female reproductive organs.
Students learn about the most recent society standards, benchmark studies, breakthroughs in PCOS, robotic surgery, and conducting clinical examinations in OBGYN MD course. In the specialty clinics, OPD, wards, labour rooms, and operating rooms, they perform the necessary tests, interpret the results, and carry out medical/surgical management. They are taught to assess pregnancy-related issues using medical skills, find solutions, and provide pertinent prognoses.
Watch this video to learn the right way to approach OBGYN MD
Ph.D. Scholars of OBGYN
Every Ph.D. candidate has the privilege of choosing their specialty area from a list that includes fetal development and growth, hereditary and genomics, gestational diabetes, parental hepatitis, preeclampsia, prenatal analysis, and screening. Additionally, topics like urogynecology, endometriosis, endometrium, and establishment, prenatal cancer, and genital level are also discussed.
List of Top 10 Colleges for OBGYN in India
Here is the most recent list of top obstetrics and gynecology colleges in India that have earned official NMC recognition. These universities have the highest rankings and are even regarded as the most reputable universities in India
| S.No. | Name of College | Affiliation |
| 1 | Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi | Delhi University |
| 2 | Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore | Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed University), Manipal |
| 3 | Jawaharlal Institute Of Postgraduate Medical Education And Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry | Pondicherry University |
| 4 | Christian Medical College, Vellore | The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai |
| 5 | Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh | Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi |
| 6 | Kasturba Medical College, Manipal | Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed University), Manipal |
| 7 | Christian Medical College, Ludhiana | Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot |
| 8 | Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai | Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai |
| 9 | SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram | SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai |
| 10 | Dr. DY Patil Medical College Pune | Dr. D Y Patil University (Deemed), Pimpri, Pune |
Top OBGYN course online for best guidance for NEET Exam preparation
There is a great opportunity in the medical sector, particularly for OBGYNs, as the need for healthcare professionals is on the rise. Below are a few reasons why you should consider pursuing a career in OBGYN.
- Rising demand for OBGYNs
The need for female OB/GYNs has grown dramatically over the past few years, despite the perception that the health care industry is dominated by men. Today, more women than ever before are asking to consult a female specialist. Talking to other women comes more easily to women, especially when discussing sexual or pregnancy difficulties. Additionally, since more than 70% of residents are now women, supply and demand favor female OBGYNs.
- Great Earnings
The field of Obstetrics and Gynecology holds a bright future and is one of the most prestigious. Gynecology is currently one of the most lucrative medical professions. It is possible to work in government organizations, clinics, private practices, and universities, as well as in the most prestigious hospitals in India. Additionally, the candidate could open a surgical clinic. Obstetrician/Gynecologist salary in India ranges from ₹10 Lakhs to ₹ 36 Lakhs. Salary estimates are based on 199 salaries received from Gynecologists, particularly from a large hospital network.
- Fulfillment at work
One of the reasons people have named OBGYN as the most fulfilling profession in the healthcare industry is because bringing new life into this world is indeed a great sight to behold. As an OBGYN, you’ll have the opportunity to be regularly involved in childbirth and assist new mothers in making decisions that will impact the health of the infant.Only a few OBGYNs specialize in high-risk pregnancies. Patients with preterm births, a history of miscarriages, or antenatal problems that could complicate childbirth are cared for by these specialists. You’ll also have the ability as an OBGYN to advance the industry by developing novel techniques and procedures that may one day be considered best practices.
- Jobs & Career
- Salary
Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of drugs with biological systems. This includes research on the chemical makeup, biological processes, physiological and behavioral impacts, mechanisms of action, and both therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications of pharmaceuticals.
Pharmacology is broadly categorized into two terms:
PHARMACOKINETICS IN PHARMACOLOGY
The term ‘Pharmacokinetics’ is derived from ancient Greek words, pharmakon meaning ‘drug’ and kinetikos meaning ‘moving’ or put in motion. Pharmacokinetics is a journey of a drug through the body, and in this, a drug passes through four different phases- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion, which are called ADME properties.
The selection and modification of drug-dose schedules are aided by pharmacokinetic parameters.
Let’s discuss the pharmacokinetic parameters:
- ABSORPTION:
Absorption is the movement of a drug to the site of action from the site of administration. Various factors affect the extent and rate of absorption of the drug, such as routes of drug administration, dosage form, physiochemical properties of the drug, bioavailability, pharmacogenetic factors, etc.
First Pass Metabolism: It is a phenomenon in which a drug is metabolized or transformed at a specific site before the drug reaches its site of action or systemic circulation, resulting in a lower concentration of the active substance. Examples of the drugs that undergo this phenomenon in the liver are propranolol, lidocaine, and clomethiazole; in the gut wall are sex hormones.
In the case of intravenous or intra-arterial administration, the drug bypasses the first pass metabolism and enters the circulation directly.
Watch this free video of one of the best online pharmacology courses in MBBS
Drug distribution is the process by which a drug travels from the administered site after absorption via the blood vessel walls to the sites of action.
The drug is distributed via various body fluid compartments, such as plasma, interstitial fluid compartments, and trans-cellular compartments.
Factors affecting the distribution rate of the drug:
- Protein binding of drug
- Plasma concentration of drug (Cp)
- Clearance
- Physiological barriers to distribution
- Drug affinity of drugs to certain tissues
3. METABOLISM:
Drug metabolism, also known as biotransformation, is the process by which the body metabolizes drug molecules. The principal site of drug metabolism is the liver.
Enzymes responsible for drug metabolism are classified into two categories:
- Microsomal enzymes: They are present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver, kidney, and GIT. Example: cytochrome P450.
- Non-microsomal enzymes: They are present in the cytoplasm, and mitochondria of different organs. Examples: esterase, amidase, and hydrolase.
Two Phases of Metabolism: Phase I metabolism converts a parent drug to polar active metabolites, via., oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions, while phase II metabolism converts a parent drug to polar inactive metabolites including conjugation reactions.
Watch this video of Pharmacology for UnderGrads and gain an in-depth understanding of Pharmacology in MBBS.
Drug excretion refers to the removal of drugs in unchanged or modified form out of the body.
The major route of excretion:
- Renal excretion: It involves three major physiological processes, namely, glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and passive tubular reabsorption.
- Hepatobiliary excretion: The drug with a molecular weight of more than 300 Da and polar drugs are excreted in the bile.
- Gastrointestinal excretion: After the oral administration of a drug, a part of it is not absorbed and excreted in the feces.
- Pulmonary excretion: Volatile drugs, such as gaseous anesthetics, are excreted via the lungs into expired air.
Saliva, sweat, tears, breast milk, vaginal fluid, nails, and hair are considered the minor routes of drug excretion.
VARIOUS PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS:
- Half-life: It is the time taken for the drug concentration in blood or plasma to reduce to half of the original amount, i.e. the amount of the drug in the body is reduced by 50%. A drug’s half-life varies from patient to patient because of a variety of patient and drug-specific factors.
The formula for the half-life is t½ = 0.693 × Vd /CL where,
Vd is the volume of distribution and CL is a clearance factor.
2. Order of Kinetics: For many medications, the most typical is First order kinetics, meaning that a fixed proportion of the drug is eliminated from the body at regular intervals of time. Only a few medications, like ethanol and phenytoin, undergo zero order kinetics wherein, a fixed quantity of the medicine is eliminated after each period.
3. Clearance of a Drug: It is the volume of plasma cleared or removed out of the drug by hepatic and/or renal excretion, among other organs.
Clearance = Rate of Elimination
Plasma drug concentration
And, Total clearance is calculated by Clt = Clh + Clr + Clothers where,
Clt = Total clearance
Clh = Hepatic clearance
Clr = Renal clearance
Clother = Clearance from all other routes
4. Steady-state plasma concentration: When a drug dose is administered regularly over a certain time, a steady state is reached. It is a point where the amount of medication absorbed and the amount removed from the body is in equilibrium. For instance, a medication that has a half-life of 6 hours will likely reach a steady state after being administered for more than 24 hours (More than 4 half-life).
To access online pharmacokinetics lecture notes, download the DigiNerve app.
Dr. Sandeep Kaushal
MD, MAMS, FCP(ACCP), FIMSA, MBPhS, ACME
Dean Academics, Professor, and Head,
Department of Pharmacology,
Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
Ludhiana, Punjab
Pharmacology is the scientific study of the effects of drugs on living organisms. A drug is any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, that affects a biological system. Pharmacology may include studying how organisms process drugs, identifying and validating new targets for drug action, and designing and developing new drugs to prevent, treat, and cure disease. Pharmacology research is also an important part of the advancement of modern personalised medicine.
This industry provides numerous job opportunities, with pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers among the largest employers. Knowing the various career paths available to you if you have a pharmacology degree is very important. A pharmacology degree allows you to work in a variety of pharmacology degree jobs. In this article, we will look at pharmacology degree jobs, their average salaries, and primary responsibilities which will help you decide on your career in Pharmacology after pursuing your graduation.
- Pharmacist
The average base salary of a Pharmacist is ₹2,80,742 per year. If you have a pharmacology degree, you can work in a variety of pharmacology departments. A pharmacist’s job is to provide medication and treatment information. They may write prescriptions, respond to questions about drug interactions or side effects, and advise patients on dosages. Pharmacists typically work in community pharmacies or hospitals, and they may conduct drug or treatment research.
Learn the Tips and Tricks to learn Pharmacology
- Pharmacy Operations Manager
The average base salary of a Pharmacy Operations Manager is ₹ 4,37,289 per year. They are in charge of the day-to-day operations of a pharmacy department. They typically collaborate with medical professionals to meet the pharmaceutical needs of patients. They monitor inventory levels ensuring compliance with federal policies and keeping accurate records. They also supervise pharmacy employees.
- Pharmacologist
The average base salary of a Pharmacologist is ₹ 4,91,318 per year. A pharmacologist is in charge of scientific research, drug development, and evaluation. They perform laboratory testing to determine the overall safety and efficacy of medications. They also decide on dosage safety, including administration, age, and amount.
- Clinical Research Associate
The average base salary of a Clinical Research Associate is ₹ 3,29,875 per year. A clinical research associate is in charge of clinical research and trials. They frequently create testing procedures, select and set up trial sites, and monitor tests. They present protocols to ethics committees and write reports on each trial’s results. They ensure strict data collection and participation.
- Pharmaceutical Scientist
The average base salary of a Pharmaceutical Scientist is ₹ 7,03,365 per year. A pharmaceutical scientist conducts drug research and development in laboratory experiments. They study biological processes and evaluate the efficacy of new drugs in counteracting, correcting, or slowing harmful biological activity. They establish testing procedures to assess the short and long-term biological effects and interactions of pharmaceutical compounds. They also develop new approaches to existing medical problems and assist drug developers in other ways.
- Pharmaceutical Consultant
The average base salary of a Pharmaceutical Consultant is ₹5,04,206 per year. They assist pharmaceutical companies in becoming more efficient and providing better products to their customers. They assist clients by identifying operational problems, eliminating waste, and suggesting solutions, such as new technologies, like a business or management consultant who specialises in pharmaceuticals. A pharmaceutical consultant may assist with project management, cost forecasting, and recommending plans, such as clients and distribution methods. They also aid in the development of compliance policies.
- Quality Control Chemist
The average base salary of a Quality Control Chemist is ₹2,29,103 per year. A quality control chemist is in charge of ensuring that drugs and other formulations meet the established safety standards. They inspect raw materials and finished products for quality, test new ingredients, and help with product development. They conduct experiments to determine whether a drug is safe for use with their knowledge of chemistry, biology, and mathematics.
Watch this video lecture on NSAIDs – Anti-gout drug
- Environmental Monitor
The average base salary of an Environmental Monitor is ₹7,89,873 per year. An environmental monitor assesses the chemical and physical properties of environmental conditions, such as water or soil samples. They conduct research to identify sources of pollution in the environment. They may also review and update company policies and operating procedures for compliance with local and federal regulations.
- Regulatory Affairs Specialist
The average base salary of a Regulatory Affairs Specialist is ₹5,74,873 per year. They manage regulatory submissions to government agencies. They prepare applications and supporting documentation, as well as monitor FDA regulations governing clinical trials and product development. They keep in touch with government officials and may attend regulatory hearings or product approvals.
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technician
The average base salary of a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technician is ₹3,00,00 per year. A pharmaceutical manufacturing technician collaborates with other members of a team to create pharmaceutical products. They assist in the development of new products while adhering to proper safety and quality standards. They may also be in charge of the lab’s equipment and inventory.
- Medical Writer
The average base salary of a Medical Writer is ₹5,33,434 per year. A medical writer creates articles and reports that explain how to use pharmaceutical products for medical purposes. They typically collaborate with doctors, patients, or researchers to collect information for drug trials or treatment protocols. They also contribute to the creation of patient leaflets that contain information about each pharmaceutical, such as indications, descriptions, proper usage, methods of ingestion or application, and potential side effects or warnings.
- Lab Manager
The average base salary of a Lab Manager is ₹5,13,023 per year. A lab manager is in charge of seeing laboratory processes and staff activities. They help scientists, technicians, and medical professionals by providing lab support, adhering to safety protocols, and maintaining lab equipment. A lab manager organises a laboratory’s daily activities in order to maximise productivity.
- Pharmaceutical Sales Representative
The average base salary of a Pharmaceutical Sales Representative is ₹2,98,254 per year. They counsel physicians on the advantages of various pharmaceutical products for their patients. They research the competitive landscape of various pharmaceutical markets in order to promote their company’s products. A pharmaceutical sales representative may also monitor doctors’ prescribing habits and assist in the development of marketing strategies.
- Medical Writing Manager
The average base salary of a Medical Writing Manager is ₹13,91,567 per year. Medical writers who create promotional materials for new drugs and treatments are overseen by a medical writing manager. They may create press releases, blog posts, or other content to educate patients and the media about medical advances. They consult with clients directly to determine the scope of research reports.
- Analytical Chemist
The average base salary of an Analytical Chemist is ₹3,95,467 per year. An analytical chemist performs experiments to determine and analyse the chemical structure of various compounds. They are in charge of testing pharmaceutical products such as new drug formulations or over-the-counter medications. They frequently work in groups with other chemists and technicians.
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- Medical Science Liaison
The average base salary of a Medical Science Liaison is ₹8,45,000 per year. A medical science liaison communicates drug and medical treatment information to physicians, patients, and the general public. They may collaborate with scientific teams, regulatory agencies, and pharmaceutical companies to provide clients with information about new products or clinical study results. They may also help with the recruitment of test participants for studies.
- Laboratory Technician
The average base salary of a Laboratory Technician is ₹2,48,718 per year. A laboratory technician provides clinical and basic research assistance to a laboratory scientist or physician. They prepare samples for analysis, monitor processes, and assess drug levels in blood tests. A laboratory technician may administer medication to animals in the lab to test for results and side effects, as well as perform tests to identify drug interactions, under the supervision of a medical professional.
- Microbiology Technician
The average base salary of a Microbiology Technician is ₹3,06,000 per year. A microbiology technician performs tests to identify pathogenic microorganisms and monitor the levels of bacteria in food and water. They help doctors by identifying different disease-causing microbes or the source of infection. They may also contribute to the development of new drugs and treatments by studying how microorganisms interact with different chemicals.
- Clinical Research Coordinator
The average base salary of a Clinical Research Coordinator is ₹2,51,331 per year. A clinical research coordinator collaborates with other members of a team to plan and manage clinical trials. They communicate with medical professionals and insurance companies to obtain approval for each study and to keep patient records for the duration of the study. They may also travel or work outside of business hours, depending on the study’s schedule and needs.
In conclusion, Pharmacology is one of the fastest growing sectors in the healthcare industry, and it is important to the sector’s sustenance. An Undergrad degree or a Postgrad degree or a Ph.D. degree in Pharmacology increases employment opportunities, career scope, and prospects. The advancement of science and technology has increased our understanding of diseases, their causes, and potential treatments, making pharmacology a discipline rich in potential and fraught with challenges. This industry will almost certainly continue to expand.
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Learn pharmacology online by preparing with pharmacology online courses which are available vastly. All you need to do is research the best online pharmacology courses like Pharmacology for UnderGrads, in which modules are aligned with the standard pharmacology textbook, allowing students to take a systematic approach. The course clarifies fundamental concepts and keeps students up to date on the most recent advances.
Watch this to know more about the course and learn the right way to approach Pharmacology
Frequently Asked Questions
Q.1 What can you do with a Pharmacology Degree?
Those who are interested in biology and chemistry may find a rewarding career in pharmacology. If you want to work in the pharmaceutical industry, learning more about the jobs available with a pharmacology degree can be helpful. In this article, we define pharmacology degrees, describe the courses they include, discuss the jobs you can get with one, and discuss the skills you can learn in pharmacology programmes.
Q.2 What does a pharmacology degree include?
Pharmacology programmes teach scientific concepts as well as practical pharmacology applications. Courses can vary in difficulty and progression depending on the level of degree and specific school. A pharmacology degree curriculum may include the following courses:
- Research Conduction
- Fundamentals of pharmacology
- Cell signaling and receptors
- Biomedical science
- Reproducibility in pharmaceuticals
- Biomedical statistics
- Bimolecular basics
- Protein chemistry
- Immunology
- Drug development
- Virology and pathogenesis
- Neuropharmacology
- Experimental treatments
- Endocrine pharmacology
- Drug metabolism
Q.3 What skills can you develop with a pharmacology degree?
Students in pharmacology programmes are prepared for successful careers in the pharmaceutical industry. A pharmacology degree can help them develop the following skills:
- Research skills
Research skills enable pharmacists to gather information and find solutions to problems. Note-taking, time management, communication, and problem-solving are examples of research skills.
- Attention to detail
The ability to pay attention to detail allows you to review materials with precision and accuracy while noticing minor details. This is a valuable skill that you can hone in a pharmacology programme by carrying out experiments and noting minor details during trials.
- Critical thinking
The ability to assess a situation, gather important information, identify problems, and offer workable solutions is referred to as critical thinking. Students in pharmacology learn to develop their critical thinking skills by completing exercises and collaborating with their peers to solve problems.
Pharmacology is the study of how medicines interact with biological systems. Research into medicines’ chemical make-up, biological functions, effects on physiology and behavior, mechanisms of action, and both therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications are all covered in this and are part of the 2nd year curriculum of MBBS. Since the treatment of patients requires medicines, knowledge regarding the subject is not going to hurt you, and the more knowledge you have, the better your treatments would be. Pharmacology in MBBS is often considered a volatile subject and a subject that has to be mugged up. This is not the case! Pharmacology is a beautiful subject, and it can be understood without mugging up, and there are quintillion applications for you in the future with the knowledge you acquire in Pharmacology. In this write-up, I would be telling you the various tips and tricks I personally have used and succeeded in learning and understanding Pharmacology. So let’s dive right into it.
Things to focus
The most important thing to address in any given topic in Pharmacology would be to understand
- What to study?
- How to study?
- How to memorize?
- What to write in the examination?
The first question
What to study?
This is a very important and relevant question that you need to understand. Let’s take the chapter on diabetes mellitus to make this idea clear.
Step 1: Understand normal physiology
The β-cells of the pancreas secrete insulin. Insulin stimulates the movement of glucose from the plasma into the skeletal muscles & adipose tissues. This will cause a reduction in plasma glucose.
Step 2: Disease pathophysiology
In Diabetes Mellitus pancreas is producing less amounts of insulin or the pancreas is producing normal amounts of insulin but insulin is not able to produce its action properly due to some defect in the insulin receptors. Both these will cause an increase in plasma glucose. This will result in hyperglycemia. Since the person is not able to utilize glucose he will be always hungry (polyphagia) since his body is interpreting that the body is not getting glucose because the person is not taking glucose. The higher levels of plasma glucose will be filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Glucose will draw water along with it which will result in urination (polyuria) and due to excessive loss of water, it will cause the person to be thirsty (polydipsia).
Step 3: Classify the drug classes depending upon the mechanism of action
In diabetes mellitus, the plasma glucose is elevated. The agents used for the management of DM would reduce plasma glucose. If there is a deficiency of insulin, we need to supplement insulin as in the case with type I DM (where there is reduced insulin secretion). Where the action of insulin is improper, we can use agents that will reduce plasma glucose. These agents act mainly by four mechanisms.
Group 1: Agents that increase the insulin secretion
Group 2: Agents that increase the action of insulin
Group 3: Agents that reduce the reabsorption of glucose from the kidney
Group 4: Agents that inhibit the gastrointestinal absorption of glucose
The action of drugs via these mechanisms will result in a reduction of plasma glucose.
Step 4: Individual groups of drugs
For explanation purposes, let’s discuss the agents that increase insulin secretion. These agents are classified as
- Sulfonylurea
- Meglitinide analogues
- GLP-1 agonists
- DPP-4 inhibitors
It becomes impossible to learn all the drugs named in your textbooks, so the easiest way to learn is to learn about groups of drugs and their common properties. Each group would have a prefix or a suffix with the base word.
For example, Sulfonylurea has the prefix ‘Gli’
- Glipizide
- Gliclazide
- Glibenclamide
- Glimepiride
Another example would be DPP-4 inhibitors which have the suffix ‘gliptin’.
- Sitagliptin
- Vildagliptin
This helps to remember a lot of names and classes of the drugs.
Step 5: Specific mechanism of action of the group of drugs
Let’s take the example of sulfonyl urea. As we know now that sulfonyl urea increases insulin secretion. Now we need to know the mechanism of action in depth. Normally the β-cells of the pancreas have K+ channels which move potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular. This results in the hyperpolarization of these cells. Sulfonyl urea blocks these K+ channels resulting in the depolarization of β-cells which cause insulin secretion.
Step 6: Understanding the peculiar pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs
Route of administration is one thing to consider. Oral bioavailability (very low or very high oral bioavailability), plasma protein binding (low or high protein binding), metabolizing enzymes (whether there are any potential interactions), and the predominant elimination method.
Step 7: Uses of the drug
First, write the primary use of the drug against disease, and then the secondary use related to the topic. Sulfonyl urea is only used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Step 8: Adverse effects
There is a practice of writing nausea and vomiting as adverse drug reactions for every drug, This will not fetch you any marks. Be very specific while mentioning the adverse effects of the drug. E.g. Since sulfonyl urea increases insulin secretion, sulfonyl urea can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse effect. Since insulin is an anabolic hormone, an increase in insulin secretion will result in weight gain.
Step 9: Interactions if any
Learn the therapeutically significant interactions. E.g., Sulfonyl urea increase insulin secretion, and the use of sulfonyl urea with insulin can cause hypoglycemia.
Step 10: Lastly, write down the Contraindications, if any
This is not applicable to all the drugs but write wherever required. This is must-know information for the effective treatment of any disease or illness. For example, Sulfa urea groups will cause hypersensitivity reactions in people who are already allergic/sensitive to drugs containing sulfa groups.
How to study Pharmacology?
Here are some tips and tricks to study pharmacology for MBBS in the easiest way,
- Consistency is the key to learning: No matter how many hours you study before the exam, unless you are regular in understanding & revising your concepts, you cannot ace any exam. Shortcuts and voracious reading at the end of exams can help you only a little bit. Be consistent.
- Focus on ‘must know’ topics: Always keep your prime focus on the ‘must know’ topics and learn and memorize them regularly to have a better understanding of the subject.
- Use Mnemonics and memory tricks for Pharmacology: Make your own mnemonics so that you can easily relate and memorize them for a longer time. For instance, for memorizing the adverse effects of sulfonyl urea, you can use the mnemonic “Hari has gained some weight”, in this sentence, H indicates Hypoglycaemia and weight gain would be the next important adverse effect.
- Make notes: The pharmacology subject has more content to learn and memorize and so is easy to forget. To solve this problem, make your own notes so that it helps in the revision of the topic and future reading as well. Taking notes during the lecture also helps a lot in learning and identifying key areas of the topic.
- Use flow charts, diagrams & tables: Flowcharts and diagrams are a very convenient and informative way of memorizing pharmacology. It helps to remember the core concepts, especially the mechanism of action of the drugs, normal physiology, pathophysiology of the disease, etc.
- Conceptual clarity: There is a lot to memorize in pharmacology, so don’t cram the lengthy textbooks, rather, focus on clearing the concepts, gaining in-depth knowledge of the topic by studying regularly in a proper manner, and asking doubts.
- Study sequentially: Understand the normal physiology and pathophysiology of the disease first before going into details of drugs. This will help you have a clear understanding of the topic.
How to memorize Pharmacology?
This is a frequently asked question, there is no shortcut to memorizing pharmacology but with repeated reading. Effective learning and conceptual clarity are a must to memorize pharmacology.
What to write in the Examination?
Write the answers in an orderly fashion highlighting the specific points in arranged format depending upon the question. Imagine this question in your examination, sulfonyl urea?
Your complete answer should include the following headings
- A brief introduction to diabetes mellitus
- Mechanism of action, in the case of sulfonyl urea, increases insulin secretion (a general mechanism) and sulfonyl urea inhibits the potassium channels in the β-cells of the pancreas thereby causing depolarization and release of insulin (a specific mechanism)
- Any peculiar pharmacokinetic properties
- Uses (Primary and then secondary both and more focus on the primary uses will fetch more marks)
- Specific adverse effects (don’t just mention nausea and vomiting always, BE SPECIFIC)
- Mention therapeutically significant interactions.
- Don’t forget to mention the precautions and contraindications, if any.
To learn the conceptual clarity in Pharmacology online, subscribe to CBME & NEET-oriented Pharmacology for UnderGrads course.
Dr. Nirmal George
MBBS, MD
Associate Professor
Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation (SGMC&RF),
Trivandrum, Kerala
Microbiologist: A scientist who researches microscopic life processes and life forms is known as a microbiologist. This includes researching the development, relationships, and characteristics of microscopic creatures like bacteria, algae, fungi, several kinds of parasites, and their hosts. Microbiology is used in many aspects of daily life, including food production, biodegradation, the production of commercial goods, and genetic engineering.
In private biotechnology firms and higher education, most microbiologists focus on a particular area of microbiology, such as bacteriology, parasitology, virology, or immunology. Thus, the goal of microbiology is to increase our fundamental understanding of microbes through the investigation of their morphology, metabolism, physiology, reproduction, and genetics. It’s possible that in the next few years, microbiology may be used in a variety of other ways that will be extremely advantageous to humanity in every way. To comprehend these organisms’ traits and identify them, microbiologists concentrate on their identification and growth. This is done with the overarching goal of preventing, identifying, and treating infectious diseases.
Work done by Microbiologists: Microbiologists in India work on a variety of projects that improve our quality of life, including monitoring the impact of microbes on climate change, inventing green technology, guaranteeing the safety of our food, and treating and preventing disease. Microbiologists research microorganisms like viruses, algae, bacteria, fungi, and a few sorts of parasites. They attempt to understand how these creatures live, develop, and interface with their surroundings. Most microbiologists work in research groups with different researchers and experts. By understanding microorganisms, microbiologists hope to provide answers to many significant global questions.
Watch the video to learn Major Healthcare-associated Infection
A wide range of professions in the industry (marketing, technical support, and regulatory affairs), education (teaching, museums, and scientific institutions), business (patent attorney or accountant), and communications (public relations, journalism, and publishing) are also open to microbiologists. The National Health Service organizations, the pharmaceutical and water sectors, as well as forensic science laboratories, employ the majority of those who work in hospitals, laboratories, and offices. The field of microbiology is wide and has connections to biochemistry and immunology, among other biological sciences.
• Healthcare microbiologists
Microbes can be helpful in both health and sickness since they are employed to create novel treatments that aid in the treatment of illnesses and diseases. Microbiologists must first understand how microbes function to tackle microbe-related issues and take advantage of their talents. They can then apply this knowledge to create new technologies, treat or prevent disease, and generally enhance our quality of life. To treat diseases, microbiologists are crucial. Many doctors and scientists work in medical facilities and labs, examining body fluids, blood, and human tissue to diagnose infections, track the efficiency of therapies, or detect disease outbreaks. In hospitals, universities, and medical school labs, some microbiologists hold clinical scientist positions where they conduct research and offer medical staff scientific guidance. To produce vaccines and enhance existing therapies, other microbiologists focus on bacteria that cause diseases like the flu or tuberculosis.
• Climate change and the environment
The carbon and nitrogen cycle are both critical to the functioning of the planet’s nutrition cycles and depend on bacteria. Some microbiologists’ research shows how microorganisms coexist with other animals in a variety of environments, including the ocean, salt lakes, and polar regions. Additionally, engineers and technologists collaborate with microbiologists to create cleaner energy sources derived from municipal and industrial waste.
• Food Availability and Agriculture
Millions of bacteria help us absorb nutrients from food and fight off harmful germs in our stomachs to keep us healthy. Microbiologists study how important soil bacteria are. Some focus on controlling plant diseases and pests, while others use microorganisms to manage weeds and insect pests. Others conduct studies on the microorganisms that afflict farm animals. Microbiologists are employed by numerous bioscience and food industries where they conduct research and create new goods.
Education:
The key steps to becoming a microbiologist after passing class 12th board exams are mentioned below:
• UG Preparation: Candidates can complete MBBS with Microbiology for UnderGrads including biochemistry or cell biology. The candidate should complete foundational courses in computer science, arithmetic, statistics, physics, microbial genetics, environmental microbiology, virology, and biochemistry. Candidates can also pursue B.Sc. with Microbiology. The candidates should be knowledgeable in lab sessions to pursue a career in microbiology in India. By enrolling in preparation classes, applicants should also start their PG admission preparation.
• PG Preparation: After finishing the UG course, the candidate can select to concentrate on PG courses that would work on the possibility of their vocation. M.Sc. in Microbiology can be sought after by the up-and-comers after the culmination of a B.Sc.
After getting your degree you also need to:
• Get some work experience: You might need to concentrate on acquiring work experience concurrently with or after your study. The study of microbiology offers opportunities for both intellectual involvement and practical application. You can apply for internships early on to acquire a good sense of the field and the career positions associated with it, depending on where your interest lies.
• Obtain a doctorate – You must earn a Ph.D. in your branch of microbiology if you intend to conduct independent research, work for a university or government research organization, or both. This covers academic practice, fieldwork, and education for conducting research. A post-graduate degree in a relevant topic with at least a 55% overall average is required for doctoral applications, which may additionally contain a minimum amount of relevant work experience.
Watch this to learn the right way to approach Microbiology
Few Career Opportunities for Microbiology Majors
Opportunities for employment in the government sector, hospitals, public health laboratories, research labs, and industrial laboratories are available to graduates with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) degree in microbiology (food, dairy, chemical, pharmaceutical, and genetic engineering companies). Students who pursue degrees beyond the B.Sc have job options in these fields, along with teaching positions in colleges and universities, which come with greater responsibility and commensurately better pay.
* Some of the possible positions are:
-Technician for research laboratories
-Food or dairy microbiologist
-Microbial environmentalist
-Clinical microbiologist or immunologist
-Quality control analyst
-DNA technologists
-Veterinary microbiologists
-Microbial public health specialist
-Biomedical scientists
-Research assistants
-Food technologists
-Environmental microbiologists
-Clinical microbiologists
-Industrial microbiologists
Microbiological graduates are in high demand for their strong scientific, analytical, and problem-solving abilities. It is open to both the public and private sectors. Qualified microbiologists are employed by companies working in agriculture, food, and beverages, chemicals, environmental agencies, private hospitals, research institutes, universities, pharmaceutical companies, and laboratories. Numerous respected companies in India hire skilled microbiologists, including Pfizer, the Indian Hotel Company, Mascot International, the Piramal Group, Sun Pharma, Fortis Hospitals, Apollo Hospitals, Lakshmi Life Sciences, and others. Microbiologists are in high demand worldwide. Opportunities in fields such as healthcare companies, forensic science labs, environmental groups, higher education institutions, food, and beverage, publicly supported research groups, pharmaceuticals, and many more businesses are available to those who hold a degree in microbiology.
Benefits of a Career in Microbiology:
The significant advantages of choosing a career in microbiology are:
• Microbiologists are interested in the study of microorganisms and their various properties, which has a positive impact on their careers. The individual’s career skill set can be improved by using cutting-edge technology to examine the test and culture medium. Additionally, the possibility of participating in the development of a novel vaccine or viral solution can benefit the microbiologist’s career.
• The development of new vaccinations that can stop the spread of illnesses and save millions of lives become possible because of microbiologists.
• Microbiologists research the traits of the bacteria that aid in the creation of various foods and related goods. As a result of their unique experience, millions of people now have access to food security.
Microbiology Career Salary
With the required qualifications, you can earn an annual salary of around INR 3 lakhs as a microbiologist. Working for the government or a private company will earn you a respectable income as well as perks and other benefits. The annual income depends on the area of microbiology that the candidate has specialized in; for instance, a microbiologist can earn over INR 8 lakhs at the senior level, while an industrial microbiologist can earn over INR 5 lakhs at the senior level. Microbiologists with master’s or doctoral degrees can earn extremely significant salaries in both industries. The salary will also depend on a variety of things, like the company, industry, job description, location, etc. Experience is crucial in this industry as it gives you the chance to discover a specific vocation that suits you.
Microbiologists with experience are paid more in this specialty. Microbiology is not easy. Instead, it requires a lot of hard work, but again it is still considered highly competitive in the industry because of this. Experts in the field of microbiology must be well-educated, and well-trained. The field of microbiology will prove to be the best fit for you if you feel at ease working in laboratories and behind the scenes in academic research. If you enrol in one of the top universities offering microbiology courses in India, the field has a wide range of potential applications and can provide you with several international chances.
The prime goal of the discipline of Community Medicine is preventing disease, promoting health, and prolonging life, by providing comprehensive health care for the holistic health of the community. Hence, the discipline goes beyond classroom teaching and bedside patient care, to reach out to the community with a focus on underprivileged and marginalized population.
Community Medicine is a branch of Medicine dealing with the promotion of health and prevention of diseases, involving people’s participation and utilizing professional management skills. It is primarily focused on providing primary, secondary, and tertiary care, control and prevention of outbreaks or epidemics, community diagnosis, health needs assessment, epidemiological assessment, research, and planning evidence-based health policies and programs. Hence, the discipline covers all the domains of learning viz. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor as shown below (Figure 1).
- Cognitive domain i.e. knowing the vision and mission of the discipline
- Affective domain i.e. feeling and understanding the needs and demands of the community
- Psychomotor i.e. identifying problems and designing and implementing measures to solve these problems.
Figure 1: The domains of learning Community Medicine
Recently, the undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical curricula in India have been updated and subsequently implemented across the country from academic session 2019 onwards for UG and 2020 onwards for PG courses, as Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME). At the undergraduate level, there is an integration of the related disciplines, designed to give the students a holistic understanding of the various subjects to function appropriately and effectively as a physician of first contact. The new CBME curriculum for Community Medicine for UG students provides several learning opportunities, to provide comprehensive care to the community by way of the Family Adoption Program, along with theory and practical classes throughout the first three phases of the course. In addition, there is an elective posting for eight weeks after the third phase, for which the students can choose any of the options offered including posting at health centers for primary health care to the community. Finally, during the Internship, the students are posted in District Hospitals to get sensitized to the real-life situation in rural areas.
How to prepare yourself for examination in Community Medicine?
Considering the various domains of learning that Community Medicine covers, a student is also evaluated during examinations on all these aspects. Hence, you should prepare yourself by (1) reading standard textbooks and class notes for knowledge and understanding; (2) making frequent visits to the community and the families allotted to you; (3) attending practical teaching sessions in the community and public health organizations for assessing the problems and their solutions. In addition, you should attend practical classes on identifying spot specimens and working out epidemiological and statistical exercises.
You should learn to understand priority topics and give focus accordingly. There are some ‘must know’ areas which you have to learn for passing your examination as well as for knowing the subject that will help you life-long in delivering comprehensive care. There are some areas within the subject that you ‘should know’ which will help you to perform well in examination as well as improve your competence in being a physician of first contact. You should give adequate focus and time to these areas for doing well in your examinations. Having covered these areas, there are some ‘nice to know’ areas that will help you to perform excellently and thus stand out among your fellow students and professionals (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Priority areas for learning Community Medicine
What are the prime focus topics for examination in Community Medicine?
As you understand, every topic is important for learning to help you perform well in your examinations as well as gain expertise to become a competent and effective professional person. However, for prioritization, you may consider the following areas most important.
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Problems of vulnerable population groups viz. infant and under-five children, adolescents, antenatal and postnatal women, women in reproductive age group, and the program in India for providing care for these population groups
- Communicable and non-communicable diseases with objectives and strategies under the related national health programs
- Major determinants of health viz. nutrition, water and sanitation, entomology, biomedical waste management
- Problems and programs for other vulnerable populations viz. occupational groups and elderly population
- Health education and behavior change communication
- Health planning, evaluation, and management techniques
- Health care delivery system in India with the major landmark international and national policies related to healthcare delivery
What are the learning resources for Community Medicine?
Community Medicine is learned from both print and electronic learning materials as well as real-life situations. Some of the standard books that you may follow are given below. However, this is not an exhaustive list. You may read any other book of your choice.
- Kadri AM. IAPSM’s Textbook of Community Medicine
- Banerjee B. DigiNerve’s Community Medicine for UnderGrads Course
- Suryakantha AH. Community Medicine with Recent Advances
- Banerjee B. DK Taneja’s Health Policies & Programmes in India
- Banerjee B. Mahajan’s Method on Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers.
In addition to these, there are reports and publications of the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, and other reputed national and international organizations, which are available on the internet, which you may read if interested.
A lot of Community Medicine can also be learned by following the current news, a great example of which is the recent COVID-19 pandemic for which various preventive and public health measures have been taken both globally and nationally.
Following what you have learned and disseminating messages of health promotion and disease prevention to those around you, will also help to improve your psychomotor skills.
What are the learning methods to perform well in examination in Community Medicine?
The secret of learning is to be regular, attentive, and hardworking. Since Community Medicine is taught right from the first year and continued for three and a half years, you should be regular throughout, failing which it will be difficult for you to catch up in the last moment. Hence, follow all the points given below.
- Attend all theory classes, practical sessions, and family visits, regularly and attentively
- Read the topic taught, after returning from class each day
- Try to understand the concepts and not only memorize
- Take class notes and make your notes for quick revision
- Focus first on priority areas i.e. ‘must know’ and ‘should know’
- Having understood these areas, you may try to move on to the ‘nice to know’ areas
- Revise multiple times
- Attempt solving previous years’ question papers and MCQs.
How will DigiNerve help you to learn Community Medicine?
The course material for Community Medicine for Undergrads on the DigiNerve app addresses all the domains of learning. The entire CBME syllabus has been split into five sections including one section on the practical aspect, with topics and units under each section. In the theory part covered in the first four sections, every aspect is discussed and explained in detail. The practical section presents how to study a family with an index case, along with pictures and salient features of spots and specimens, and how to solve epidemiological and statistical exercises to help you understand and work out by yourselves.
Watch this video to learn the Right way to approach Community Medicine by Dr. Bratati Banerjee.
So, welcome to the world of Community Medicine and happy learning!
Wish you all the best in your journey through the subject.
Dr. Bratati Banerjee
Director Professor, Department of Community Medicine,
Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
In OBGYN, OB refers to Obstetrics or Obstetrician, a doctor who specializes in the care of women and their babies during pregnancy and childbirth. GYN stands for Gynecology or Gynecologist, a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders. OBGYN is a branch of medicine that deals with the entire female reproductive health of pregnant as well as non-pregnant females.
OBGYNs diagnose and treat diseases of the female reproductive organs. They treat various other women’s health issues such as hormonal problems, menstruation issues, contraception, infertility, and reproductive tract infections. They also hold the responsibility of childbirth via normal delivery, cesarian sections, pregnancy complications, fetal signs, and growth and also help women with psychological distress and counseling.
ADMISSION PROCEDURE
The following steps are undertaken by students who aspire to become an OBGYN:
- From the beginning, aspirants must complete the senior secondary education with the PCB stream with at least 50% marks.
- Further, they should crack the NEET UG exam to get admission to medical college (Government/ Private).
- After obtaining an MBBS degree, they need to appear for the NEET- PG entrance examination.
- A good score in NEET-PG gives a push to admission to the medical college for the OBGYN PG course.
- Aspirants must complete a junior resident responsibility to gain a post-graduation degree.
- After the successful completion, they must obtain a license and become board certified.
ELIGIBILITY FOR BECOMING AN OBGYN DOCTOR
- Candidates should have completed an MBBS degree from a college/institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI) with a minimum of 55% marks.
- They must have undergone the one-year compulsory internship after completing the course.
- Candidates must clear the NEET PG exam to be eligible for admission to recognized universities/colleges.
- For the general category, the candidate must obtain at least 50th percentile marks in NEET PG for admission to MD/MS courses. For SC, ST, and OBC, the minimum percentage requirement is the 40th
- For the candidate with benchmark disability specified under the Rights of Persons with Disability Act 2016, for the GEN-EWS and unreserved category 45th percentile is required. For, SC/ST/OBC-NCL candidates, the minimum marks shall be 40th
- In some cases, admission to post-graduate medical courses may also include a group discussion/personal interview after the entrance examination depending on the college.
- Final confirmation of admission depends on the cut-off marks and the counseling procedure.
OBGYN IN MBBS
MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) is an undergraduate medical sciences course with a duration of 5.5 years including an internship. Admission to the MBBS is solely based on an entrance examination. The NEET (UG) entrance examination is the only valid examination to get admission in MBBS in government or private medical colleges recognized by MCI (Medical Council of India). A student needs to get into the merit list and undergo the counseling procedure for admission to MBBS successfully.
After getting admission to medical college, a student needs to learn various subjects like microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, OBGYN, community medicine, surgery, and more.
Undergraduate students study OBGYN in their 4th prof, where they go through case discussions in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Along with this, a medico needs to complete a one-month OBGYN internship. During this internship, they get training in Obstetrics & Gynaecology OPD’s Wards and OTs, Labour Room, and Family Planning OPD and OT.
PG OBGYN AFTER MBBS
OBGYN is a three-year full-time postgraduate course in medical sciences. The course consists of a comprehensive, superior examination of the complete medical pathology related to the female reproductive organs, and provision of care to each non-pregnant and pregnant patient.
Admission to OBGYN MD is done through national-level entrance examinations like NEET-PG, and INI-CET. In PG OBGYN, students get familiar with the latest society guidelines, benchmark trials, and recent advancements in PCOS, Robotic Surgery, and performing clinical examinations. They are asked for pertinent tests, decipher the results, and implement medical/surgical management in the specialty clinics, OPD, wards, labor room, and operating rooms. They learn to use medical capabilities to evaluate troubles in pregnancy and discover techniques and relevant prognoses.
Watch this video to understand this important topic of OBGYN through case-based discussion
ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS FOR PURSUING PG OBGYN
MBBS students need to undergo and crack the NEET-PG entrance examination for admission to medical college for PG OBGYN. The NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) is a national-level entrance examination for admission to pursue medical sciences; NEET UG for the undergraduate medical courses (MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BHMS), and NEET PG for the doctors to get admitted to various postgraduate courses (MD/MS) and diploma courses.
Admission for PG to government and private colleges depends on the ranking of the medicos in the NEET-PG entrance Examination. The examination body of NEET PG is the National Board of Examinations and further, the Directorate General of Health Services conducts the counselling and seat allotment process.
Institutes that are exempted from admission via the NEET PG exam are:
- AIIMSs
- PGIMER
- JIPMER
- NIMHANS
- SCTIMST
These institutes come under the INI (Institute of National Importance).
To get admission to INI (Institute of National Importance) institutions, medicos must get into the merit of the INI-CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test).
INI- CET is a combined entrance examination to the INI institutes for PG courses in medical Sciences [MD, MS, DM (6 years), MCh (6 years), and MDS]
List of Participating INI Institutes for INI-CET:
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Science and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananathapuram, Kerala
NOTE:
MRCOG Examination:
This examination is specially designed by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists for OBGYN doctors to assess their skills, knowledge, and competencies. This exam comprises three parts- MRCOG Part 1, MRCOG Part 2 & MRCOG Part 3. Membership of RCOGs is awarded upon the successful completion of all three stages of the exam.
TOP COLLEGES FOR PG IN OBGYN
Some of the colleges for admission to PG-OBGYN are listed below:
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
- Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
- IMS BHU- Indian Institute of Medical Sciences- Banaras Hindu University, Banaras
- Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore
- Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
- Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi
- JIPMER (Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research), Puducherry
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh
- King George Medical College, Lucknow
- Madras Medical College, Chennai
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu
- Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
- VMMC College, New Delhi
- Goa Medical College, Panaji
COURSE STRUCTURE OF PG OBGYN
There are four papers:
PAPER I: Applied Basic sciences: Physiology and anatomy of the female reproductive system, pharmacological and hormonal roles, obstetric and gynecological markers – non-neoplastic and neoplastic, medical genetics, anatomical and physiological changes in the female reproductive tract during pregnancy, pharmacology of drugs used during labor and after birth
PAPER II: Obstetrics including Social Obstetrics & Diseases of Newborn: Prenatal Care: Risky Pregnancy, Obstetrics: Postpartum, Vaginal delivery, caesarean section, Hysterectomy, Destructive Surgery, Manipulation (external/internal pod version, manual placental removal, etc.), Medical Abortion – Safe Abortion – Case Selection, Complication Techniques, and Treatment, MTP, newborn.
PAPER Ill: Gynecology: Clinical gynecology, Family Welfare, and demography, Male and female infertility.
PAPER IV: Recent Advances in Obstetrics & Gynaecology
- Along with four theory papers, doctors pursuing MD OBGYN have to do Practical Examinations in Obstetrics and Gynecology:
Clinical long case and short case including viva of:
- Instruments
- Pathological specimen,
- Medicines and X-rays, ultrasounds, etc.
- Dummy Pelvis
- Family planning
THESIS: - Students identify relevant research questions
- Conduct a critical literature review
- Hypothesize
- Determine the most appropriate study design
- State the purpose of the research
- Preparation of test protocols
- Conduct the study according to the protocol
- Analyze and interpret research data and draw conclusions
- Write a research paper
- PG OBGYN students are also required to complete their OBGYN residency and postings.
Watch this video to learn the right way to approach OBGYN MD
SCOPE/JOB OPPORTUNITIES AFTER MD IN GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS
Undoubtedly, the course is highly respected, job oriented, and lucrative. This opens doors to a variety of job prospects such as Maternal-fetal medicine specialists, Reproductive endocrinologists, Gynecologic oncologists, Female pelvic specialists, critical care medicine specialists, professors, clinical associates, junior consultants, senior residents, consultants, general physicians, researchers, private practitioners, govt. doctors, and private clinicians. Moreover, the OBGYN can go for research and higher studies in research centres and universities.
FAQs (Frequently asked questions)
Q1.What is the difference between an Obstetrician and a Gynecologist?
Ans. A gynecologist is mainly trained in female reproductive care whereas an obstetrician cares for pregnant women and newborns.
Q2. Who is the first female Surgeon General in India?
Ans. Mary Poonen Lukose was an Indian gynecologist, obstetrician, and the first female Surgeon General in India.
Q3. Can a person pursue OBGYN without an MBBS degree?
Ans. Yes, one can pursue a career in OBGYN after a BAMS degree if not MBBS. A diploma course in OBGYN can be done as well after a BAMS degree.
Q4. How can I enter the OBGYN field?
Ans. You can undergo a three-year postgraduate course in OBGYN (MS/MD) after doing MBBS or a two-year diploma program of postgraduate training in Obstetrics and gynecology.
Most students think that medical education is only about clearing the entrance exam and getting admission to MBBS. However, the reality is way different than this perception. Clearing the exam isn’t the final step, rather, is the beginning of the life of a medical student. A medical degree is considered one of the toughest degrees in the world. For a student, it’s definitely more work because of the unlimited workload and the time limit, which means a lot less sleep and a lot more stress.
Top Struggles of MBBS Students are:
- Adjusting with peers: Medical colleges are responsible for ensuring that graduates are knowledgeable, skilful, and professional to meet society’s expectations. Due to this, students have to prepare themselves for the vast syllabus while also adjusting with peers. There is huge peer pressure on medical students when it comes to adjusting themselves in the new environment due to high level of competition.
- Wow! You are smart, you should be a doctor: Medical might not be the hardest choice for aspirants but the journey is indeed very hard. Students put in all the efforts, and energy to enter the clinical world; the world that includes a lot of hard work, sleepless nights, countless hours of study, and whatnot. However, there are many students who give their 100 percent just to satisfy that One Big Dream of their family and relatives, at the cost of their happiness.
- Do you have a social life? When it comes to a medical student’s social life, the status is quite complicated. Students get trapped with books, assignments and practices, etc. that they can’t focus much on their social life. Although medicine is a very social course and being a healthcare professional, students must know how to deal with people. To take time out for social activities, students need to maintain a schedule that allows them to manage it all.
- Start the day and end the day with medicine: – The primary motivation is to enjoy studying. Exhaustion due to continuous studies can make medical college seem like a burden. So students must divert their attention from studies a bit and focus on “personal development.” This involves honing talents that fall outside the purview of academic study yet are nevertheless crucial for a doctor. For instance, participating in music or theatre can help students get used to performing or interacting in front of a large audience. This also helps them to confidently address and speak at a conference or simply to a group of their coworkers. There is a balance that needs to be achieved between working and enjoying life.
- You have to memorize so many new drugs, that your brain might explode: The most problematic situation that students face is that they need to cram names of thousands of new drugs and various syndromes, which is confusing. Also since these drugs are vast along with their own different characteristics, it is easy to forget a few. This is not the end, memorizing drugs also includes knowing their purposes, advantages, and disadvantages, after effects, and what all changes can be possible, which also includes how they respond in every individual’s body.
Watch Video to learn the right way to approach Pharmacology in MBBS
- The unending workload: – It is a popular talking point that a medical student’s life in med college is endless. The reason behind this is that medical courses are the longest courses in the educational world. It nearly takes a decade to become a fully qualified doctor. The entire journey demands a lot of hard work, sleepless nights, and a huge number of complications. It is not easy to maintain patience throughout this period and often students lose themselves in the wheel of practicals, rounds, syllabus, and examinations.
- Finance: – Finance is a huge problem for a medical aspirant. How? Not all medical aspirants belong to financially stable families, and neither do all receive government scholarships. Many students dream to become a doctor, but again finances remain a challenge. Medical studies are considered one of the most expensive education all over the world. It is a vast and expensive course. If a student does not have an adequate amount of money, pursuing a medical degree can be challenging. If this problem arises while a student is pursuing the course, students should always have a backup option.
- Exams Breakdown: – Exams have always been a huge load. Even the thought of it is scary because the syllabus is so vast that sometimes the duration of preparation tends to seem less. There’s no doubt medical life is filled with competitors, which makes the exam period even more stressful. Skipping topics is another aspect that makes it stressful while spending more time on important topics. Additionally, lack of sleep, headaches, and stress can easily lead to breakdowns.
- A good night’s sleep is a wonder for you: – Back-to-back classes, practicals, and whatnot get tiresome for them. Most students have sleepless nights because of assignments, many even suffer from sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality which is common during the internship. Researchers have paid much attention to the critical function that sleep plays in preserving mental health, advanced learning, and overall welfare. From 1st year to the final year, medical students are particularly prone to sleep-related problems due to the huge syllabus. So it is very important for students to at least have 6 – 8 hours of sound sleep.
Life of Students in the 1st year of MBBS:
Medical College is nothing like high school; it is challenging not simply because there is so much knowledge to gain, but also because students get to learn new skills. Students mostly in their first year, try to understand what kind of studying technique works to cover the syllabus. The first year is all about learning, failing and again understanding where you were wrong and then starting again.
Life in college doesn’t resemble the medical drama– Grey’s Anatomy in reality. No one goes to the clinical rounds in the first year itself. In the first year, students study Biophysics, Anatomy, and Histology and prepare for tests most of the days.
In the first year, it’s not all about saving lives. The only life students can save is theirs, by fixing a decent study routine for themselves, figuring out how to adjust their studies and things they like doing beyond studying and getting sufficient rest.
Life of Students in the 2nd year of MBBS:
It’s the best time to retrospect and make a schedule that can help students manage studies, social life, and sleep. The one benefit students have in their 2nd year is that they get familiar with the environment, faculty, and course too, so it becomes a bit easy for them to communicate and discuss their problems in the class or with the faculty. It gets even easier to make a schedule that can be followed given that students get quite familiar with the frequency of classes, practicals, and tests.
Life of Students in the 3rd year of MBBS:
It is very much like climbing one more step and reaching one step near to the goal of becoming a Top Doc. Becoming more focused on studies and attending a lot of practicals are included in the 3rd year. It is time for students to get exposed to the practical technicalities of the field. Students become familiar with everyday struggles in 3rd year; they feel the sensation of being worn out, because of classes and clinical rounds. They need to have some sort of framework, whether it be a paper journal or a schedule reminder turned on on their mobile phones.
Life of Students in the 4th year of MBBS:
The significant cause of the pressure students face in the final year is due to the major subjects like Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, OBGYN, Orthopaedics, etc. which are highly important for NEET PG. They experience maximum stress when they start going for rounds. Medicine is a long-distance race, not a run. Regardless of whether students complete their last year, it isn’t the end. They still need to learn a lot more because now their real life as interns and saviours begin. It’s now time to put all the knowledge into application.
Get conceptual clarity in Medicine from Dr. Archith Boloor
Passing the final exam in MBBS is crucial to starting your career as a doctor. Students must focus on conceptual clarity to clear the final exams. Discipline and dedication are the keys to mastering the syllabus. Moreover, aspirants that are pursuing the MBBS program at any medical college must complete the internship. An internship is a term of learning, or, to put it in simple words, more practical work than theoretical training. The internship phase is where you put all of the theoretical information you’ve learned over the last four years into action.
You should have a proper plan if you are going to enrol yourself as a medical student, it is a long ride with lots of struggle, hard work, failures, and whatnot. The medical course is exceptionally vast due to the volume of material that needs to be learned along with both the basic scientific principles and the clinical abilities. Keeping in mind the surreal feeling that a doctor feels while saving someone’s life is something that can’t be put into words, and furthermore, the feeling of saving somebody’s life is simply inexplicable. Once your goal is set and you are ready for it, it is definitely going to be the best chapter of your life.
WHAT IS AN ADENOID?
Adenoid is a subepithelial collection of lymphoid tissue situated at the junction of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It is also known as nasopharyngeal tonsil, having vertical ridges of lymphoid tissue separated by deep clefts.
- It is covered by three epithelium i.e., transitional, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, and stratified squamous.
- Having no crypts and capsules.
- It is included in the waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue.
- It is present at birth but shows physiological enlargement up to 6 yrs and then starts atrophy at puberty.
- It disappears by age of 20.
- It is seen in MRIs of all infants by the age of 5 months.
- The persistence of adenoids can be seen beyond the age of 15 years in case of allergy or infection.
- One in number
- Lymphatics from this tissue drain into upper jugular nodes directly or indirectly through retropharyngeal and Para pharyngeal lymph nodes.
- Arterial supply from ascending palatine branch of the al artery, ascending pharyngeal branch of the external carotid artery, ascending branch of the third part of the maxillary artery, and inferior thyroid artery’s ascending cervical branch.
- Sometimes inflammation of the adenoid lead to pain in the ear due to the same nerve supply as cranial nerves IX and X (referred pain) or can be due to eustachian tube obstruction.
ADENOID HYPERTROPHY
It is an obstructive condition due to the enlargement of the adenoid which can be physiological enlargement in childhood or due to some infections or allergic conditions.
WHAT IS THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTROPHY?
- Recurrent sinusitis, rhinitis, or chronic infection of tonsils lead to chronic adenoid infection and hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue which results in adenoid hypertrophy.
- Allergy to the upper respiratory tract may lead to the enlargement of adenoids.
- Viral infections like EBV or bacterial infection of group A streptococci can lead to its enlargement.
- Exposure to smoking or pollution.
- Tumours of sinuses, lymphoma, and AIDS
- Due to diseases like GERD, there is a reflux of acid that will irritate the adenoid tissue leading to inflammation and resulting in hypertrophy.
HOW PATIENTS WILL PRESENT TO YOU IN OPD?
Signs and Symptoms
These depend not only on the size of the adenoid mass but also on the space that is available for enlargement in the nasopharynx. Excessive hypertrophy of the adenoid can lead to obstruction of the whole nasopharynx. In cases of enlargement, the patient may be asymptomatic but in severe enlarged and infected adenoids, the patient presents nasal, aural, and general symptoms.
- Nasal Symptoms
The commonest symptom is nasal obstruction due to recurrent sinusitis and this leads to mouth breathing. Nasal obstruction leads to interference in the suckling or feeding of a child. As respiration and feeding cannot occur together, the child fails to thrive as all his efforts go into breathing which will lead to suboptimal growth of the child. There will be nasal discharge due to choanal obstruction as the normal secretion cannot drain back into the nasopharynx and is associated with chronic maxillary sinusitis and the child has a wet bubbly nose.
When adenoids are acutely inflamed, epistaxis can occur when the patient blows his nose. Voice change can be seen i.e. toneless and losing nasal quality due to nasal obstruction and there will be rhinolalia clausa i.e. hyponasal or denasal speech due to lack of appropriate nasal airflow during speech.
- Aural Symptoms
Tubal Obstruction: Adenoid mass blocks the eustachian tube leading to retraction of the tympanic membrane and conductive hearing loss. Recurrent attacks of acute otitis media may occur due to the spread of infection through the eustachian tube. CSOM may fail to resolve in presence of infected adenoids. There will be fluctuating hearing loss due to differences in the size of the mass of the adenoid. Impedance audiometry test helps to identify fluid in the ear due to the presence of glue ear that is otitis media with effusion.
- General Symptoms
Adenoid Facies: Chronic nasal obstruction and mouth breathing lead to characteristic facial appearance.
- Dull expression because he is unable to hear and elongated face, open mouth, prominent and crowded upper teeth, hitched up upper lip, pinched up nose because the child is a mouth breather so there will be no use of nose for a long time for breathing that will lead to disuse atrophy of alar prominence, nasal crease and labial folds will be absent, high arched palate because the child is breathing through the mouth and as the mouth is continuously open, more air goes through the palate.
- Pulmonary hypertension: As the child snores a lot during the night and there is sleep apnoea (episodes of not breathing during sleep), the child gets up again and again during the night and is unable to have a good night’s sleep. This results in sleepiness and lethargy throughout the day. In sleep apnoea, so many episodes of deoxygenation happen that the pulmonary artery undergoes vasoconstriction which leads to pulmonary hypertension and results in right-sided heart failure. The final consequence is cor pulmonale.
- Aprosexia i.e. lack of concentration in studies.
How can the diagnosis be done?
- Posterior Nasal Rhinoscopy: Examination of postnasal space in young children using a mirror from which adenoid mass can be visualized.
- Nasal endoscopy: Done with the help of a rigid or flexible nasopharyngoscope which helps in assessing the size of adenoid mass from which grading can be done. It is done on cooperative children. It provides more details on the nasopharynx.
- Soft tissue lateral radiograph of the nasopharynx: Done if the child is uncooperative as it will reveal the size of the adenoid and also the extent to which nasopharyngeal air space is compromised. There will be very little breathing space in the nasopharynx in severely enlarged mass.
MANAGEMENT
Medical Management
If symptoms are not marked i.e. where there is acute infection, then the investigation is not needed since it can be addressed clinically too.
To decrease the size of the adenoid, the following measures can be taken:
- Breathing exercises
- Dietary changes
- Lifestyle modification
- Decongestant nasal drop (Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline that will relieve nasal obstruction).
- Antihistamines e.g. levocetirizine are given if there is hypertrophy due to allergy.
- Antibiotics like Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are given if it is due to infection.
- Intranasal steroid spray can be given like Fluticasone.
- Proton pump inhibitor can be given in case of GERD
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is the last resolve because adenoids have immunological functions, and thus it is done only when symptoms become chronic.
- Adenoidectomy: It is done in a rose position in which the patient’s larynx is at a higher level in which the cervicothoracic joint and the atlantooccipital joint are in an extended position under general anesthesia. It is done using endoscopy by two methods i.e. cold (microdebrider, curettage) and hot (coblation, laser).
Indication of Surgery
- Sleep apnoea
- Chronic suppurative otitis media
- Recurrent sinusitis
- Dental malocclusion
Complication of Surgery
- Haemorrhage
- Coroner’s clot
- Eustachian tube injury
- Griesel syndrome
Contraindication of Surgery
- Velopharyngeal insufficiency
- Cleft palate
- Bleeding diathesis
- Acute infection
- Adenoidectomy + Tonsillectomy: It is done when there is a chronic tonsillitis infection. The child will be sedated in the operating room throughout the procedure. His tonsils and adenoids will be removed by the surgeon through the mouth. The skin won’t be cut in any way.
Indication of Surgery:
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Chronic tonsillitis
- Trouble swallowing
Complication of Surgery:
- Difficulty in breathing
- Fever
- Bleeding
- Dehydration
Most 3rd year students look for online resources to learn Community Medicine along with ENT. Watch this snippet to learn about Epidemiological Research.
FAQs (Frequently asked questions)
Q1. How an adenoid hypertrophy patient will present to you?
Ans. The child’s mouth would have been open for the past few weeks and he might not be responding. It would be seen only when the season changes or if the child is allergic to any substance.
Q2. Why an adenoidectomy is contraindicated in velopharyngeal insufficiency?
Ans. In velopharyngeal condition, the child is supposed to have regurgitation of food from the nose and hyponasal speech post-surgery so it is not advised to perform adenoidectomy in such patients.
Q3. How adenoid hypertrophy can be differentiated from an antrochoanal polyp?
Ans. In polyp, the crescent or Dodd sign is present whereas it is absent in adenoid hypertrophy.
During the preparation of Orthopaedics for NEET Exam, you must have an idea of what all important topics need to be thoroughly prepared. Moreover, a strategical approach while preparing for NEET PG 2023 Exam can help you cover everything within the given timeframe.
Some of the main topics that you must cover before appearing for the NEET PG 2023 Exam:
| Topics | Sub-Topics |
| 01- Bone & Joint Infection | · Bone and joint infection- septic arthritis · Bone and joint infection- osteomyelitis · Bone and Joint Infection- Skeletal Tuberculosis |
| 02- Bone Tumors | · Diagnosis especially Benign Tumors · Management Malignant Tumors |
| 03- Neurological Disorders | · Cerebral palsy · Poliomyelitis · Peripheral Nerve Injury, Brachial Plexus Injury |
| 04- Imaging | · Periosteal Reaction |
| 05- Metabolic Disorder | · Osteomalacia · Osteoporosis · Osteopetrosis and Paget’s · Achondroplasia |
| 06- Traumatology | · Upper Limb: Dislocation- Shoulder and Elbow Fractures- Clavicle, Humerus, Supracondylar humerus, Lateral condyle humerus, Colles and Carpo metacarpal injuries.· Lower Limb: Dislocations- Hip and Knee Fractures- Hip, Femur shaft, Patella, Tibia and Calcaneum. |
| 07- Pediatrics Orthopedics | · Pediatrics Orthopedics · CTEV* · Genu Varum |
| 08- Avascular Necrosis and Osteochondritis | · Avascular Necrosis · Polio · Dupuytrens contracture |
| 09- Arthritis | · Osteoarthritis · R.A and Ankylosing spondylitis · Gout |
| 10- Implants | · Prosthesis, orthoses and splints · Orthopaedic implants |
| 11- Fracture of Spine, Pelvis and Lower Extremities | · Fracture of spine · Fracture pelvis · Fracture acetabulum · Fracture proximal femur · Fracture shaft femur · Fracture distal femur, patella and proximal tibia · Fracture Both Bone Leg, Calcaneum and Foot Bones · Fracture of ankle · Knee and ankle ligament injuries · Miscellaneous Sports Injuries and Rehabilitation |
Watch the video to learn Fracture Intercondylar, Supracondylar and Lateral Condyle of Humerus.
Few points to keep in mind before starting your NEET- PG Exam preparation:
- Be familiar with the entire syllabus: The NEET-PG syllabus is vast and you must have an idea about every topic, short or lengthy. It is important to know the topics that are highly mandatory to cover so that you can bring out the best. Make sure you cut down on the extra information and focus on the most-asked topics saving time for revision.
- Create a Realistic Timetable: While following a fixed timetable, stay focused on your goal and prepare everything accordingly. Following a well-structured timetable will help you organize your time according to the length and depth of a topic. One thing that you have to keep in mind is that you must strictly follow the timetable you have made.
- Prepare Notes while Learning: This is one of the best methods while you are preparing for your exams. Making notes not only helps you study and concentrate but even helps with your writing and revising. You don’t have to go through everything before your exam day, just pick up your well-structured notes, start revising and you are good to go.
- High-Quality Study Material: Selecting the right material for your exam is very important. You might get a lot of sample books, papers, and mock tests online but with the help of teachers or online experts, you’ll get the right guidance. Clinical examinations, procedure videos, X-rays, implants and instruments are the most important to focus on in Orthopaedics. Doing all these might help you improve your speed and accuracy.
Following these tips consistently, might help you do well in your NEET-PG Exam and score high.
The purpose of studying Orthopaedics by the latest curriculum
The treatment of the musculoskeletal system is the main emphasis of the medical specialty of orthopaedics. Along with bones and muscles, this system also consists of joints, ligaments, and tendons. The curriculum aims to provide students with a basic understanding of the musculoskeletal system. The competency-based programme places a strong emphasis on evaluating students’ aptitude for accurately examining and diagnosing musculoskeletal problems.
MBBS Students should keep the following points in mind before approaching Orthopaedics for NEET PG:
- Do thorough research:
It is crucial to investigate and analyse the right way to study Orthopaedics. MBBS is one of the hardest degrees to obtain, but it’s not impossible if you do your homework and focus on your field of interest. While studying Orthopaedics, pay close attention to the textbook and do refer to supplementary information with the help of online orthopaedics lectures or videos. In addition to that, the best Orthopaedics book for medical students is Maheshwari’s Orthopaedics book, which covers information most precisely. It will help you to gain a better understanding of what is asked in the NEET PG 2023 Exam and get exposed to maximum case scenarios to make informed decisions in the future.
- Guidance from experts
Look out for lectures by India’s top faculty. You can also refer to online orthopaedics courses that are designed and taught by experts who have years of experience in the medical field. Attend webinars or doubt-clearing sessions if you are curious to learn or have difficulty understanding some topics. Also, approach your college faculty for instant guidance. If you want to enjoy learning orthopaedics, then the best course to check out would be Orthopaedics for Undergrads by Dr. Vivek Pandey.
- Ensure the notes that you have are accurate and easily understandable:
Every course has a specific set of materials to ensure that you read everything to better understand it. Having well-organized notes can be quite helpful because it gets easier to review them before the exam. Going through notes also helps in brushing up on knowledge and self-assessment. Medical books are excellent and informative, but without access to properly organised notes, it will be difficult for students to remember difficult concepts.
- Devote Time Wisely:
Choose wisely whether you want to go for online Orthopaedics learning or offline learning. Most toppers prefer to complete the textbook first and find different ways for clarity online. This could be by youtube videos, online courses for medical students, or lectures by eminent faculty. As it is known that NEET PG/NExT Exam will cover clinical case scenarios, however, most textbooks only cover limited case scenarios. This is the reason why students prefer learning online for better exposure to case discussions.
- Evaluation:
The only way to accurately evaluate how much you know about the fundamentals of orthopaedics is through a series of tests. To keep your memory sharp and assess your knowledge, look for a course that combines solid content with outstanding and frequent assessments. This will ensure you are aware of the most frequently asked questions and exam-ready.
Learn the right way to approach Orthopaedics in MBBS
How is Orthopaedics as a Career?
An orthopaedic specialist is referred to as an orthopaedist. Orthopaedists treat a range of musculoskeletal conditions including sports injuries, joint discomfort, and back disorders, using both surgical and nonsurgical methods. An orthopaedist often works as part of a large orthopaedic treatment team. This team may consist of some medical assistants like nurse practitioners, athletic trainers, occupational therapists, and physician assistants.
Several musculoskeletal problems are treated by orthopaedic surgeons. These diseases could be inherited or developed due to trauma or aging-related wear and tear. The field of medicine known as Orthopaedics is dedicated to the treatment of the skeletal system and all of its connected components. These components consist of Joints, Bones, Tendons, Muscles, and Ligaments.
Being an orthopaedic surgeon requires the following requirements:
- Graduate as a licensed doctor or a Doctor of Osteopathy from a recognised medical school.
- Complete 5 years of training in an orthopaedic residency programme that has been awarded by the Certification Council for Graduate Medical Education.
- A medical degree and, if desired, board certification to stay current and keep your certification, you must complete ongoing training and tests.
Some of the most typical ailments that an orthopaedist may treat are listed below:
- Bone fractures
- Back ache
- Injury to the soft tissues (muscles, tendons, and ligaments)
- Joint pain from arthritis
- A stiff neck
- Congenital conditions, such as scoliosis and clubfoot
Following are a few orthopaedic subspecialties:
- Trauma Treatment
- Foot and Ankle
- Spine Surgery
- Musculoskeletal Oncology (tumor)
- Hand and Upper Extremity
- Pediatric Orthopaedics
- Joint replacement surgery
- Sport Medicine
Scope in Orthopaedics
For those with a degree in orthopaedics, Orthopaedic surgeons have a wide range of employment options available to them, and their path to professional advancement is relatively direct.
- Orthopaedic surgeons have extensive expertise in conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system, including illnesses and injuries. It includes the muscles, tendons, bones, nerves, and ligaments.
- They address injuries like broken hips, degenerative diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis, as well as congenital issues like scoliosis.
- They can enlist in the military, including the army or navy.
- According to personal preference, an orthopaedist can begin their career working for prestigious hospitals in either the public or private sector.
- Holders of an orthopaedic degree have a wide range of additional choices, including the possibility of opening their own clinic and offering medical services to clients.
- Alternatively, as an orthopaedic doctor, you could choose to teach at colleges and universities or work in research. Orthopaedists with a doctoral degree can find employment in reputable public hospitals like AIIMS and PGIMER, as well as private hospitals like Fortis, Apollo, and others.
- They are also eligible for employment in the rehabilitation facilities that sports and defence groups have set up.
Surgery is a versatile subject in the study of medicine that helps in defining the patient’s course of treatment. Integration of surgery with important disciplines such as Anatomy, Pathology, Medicine, and others has become essential in the contemporary CBME curriculum. This has made it much easier for students to study the subject holistically and strengthen the foundation holistically.
Surgery for UnderGrads
It is a comprehensive resource that serves as a one-stop solution for undergraduate students’ academic needs. India’s one of the most prominent faculty and authors, Dr. Sriram Bhat, who is well-known for his book “SRB’s Manual of Surgery” has designed and taught this course. SRB’s Clinical Methods in Surgery, SRB’s Bedside Clinics in Surgery, SRB’s Surgical Operations: Text and Atlas, and Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series Surgical Diseases are among his most popular titles. His extensive experience in both teaching and practising surgery has aided in the development of the entire course to meet the demands of undergraduate students. The course includes three pillars of surgery:
- Clinical Surgery: Initial Diagnosis
- Surgical Evaluation: When, what, why with images and other methods of evaluations
- Operative Surgery: Skill
The course’s main purpose is to get students to focus on the skill of observation, deduction, and knowledge, as well as the practical application of all the important concepts. By focusing on the essentials of the subject, the course aids in the development of a strong foundation. This makes it one of the best online surgery courses for MBBS students. The course is divided into 3 sections:
- General Surgery
- Systemic & Specialty Surgery
- Clinics in Surgery involve history taking, physical examinations, instruments, investigations, and operative surgery.
Clinical examination and differential diagnosis have been given top priority throughout the course. This will aid in the development of the student’s critical comprehension to effectively evaluate, diagnose, and manage the patient. Dr. Sriram Bhat has also demonstrated how to conduct a clinical examination in a variety of situations in real-life clinical scenarios along with the fundamentals of general surgery. This will aid in the development of concepts for all students. Surgical anatomy is a crucial element of operational surgery, and it has been covered alongside the majority of the structures and systems to provide students with a thorough understanding.
Surgical equipment and X-rays have their own part to familiarise students with the relevant information and application. They also serve as a valuable tool for last-minute revision before the final clinical tests because they are an integral part of the clinical exams. There are crucial questions for university examinations, PG entrance tests, and viva voce for each topic, as well as theoretical components with practical points for operative procedures.
This online surgery course is designed to meet the educational needs of both medical undergraduate and first-year postgraduate students.
The Course Includes:
- Video Lectures: 220 hours of in-depth video lectures covering 176 subjects provide detailed clarity for theory as well as clinical applications. Images and graphs are used to supplement these.
- Lecture Notes: 161 concise notes will assist students in skimming through the topics discussed during the lectures.
- MCQs for Self-Assessment: Students can assess their understanding of the topics by practising 2500+ MCQs.
- Physical and clinical examination in real-time clinical settings: This will help students to understand cases and arrive at differential diagnoses through reasoning.
Table of Content – Surgery for UnderGrads
General Surgery
Swellings
Examination of the swelling
Examination of the neck swelling
Clinical examination of swelling – video
Different swellings – Differential diagnoses
Differential Diagnoses – Neck Swellings
Ulcer
Examination of ulcer
Clinical examination of ulcer – video
Different ulcers – Differential diagnoses
Examination of Sinus and Fistula
Arterial Diseases
Clinical examination in arterial diseases
Clinical examination in vascular disease – Video
Peripheral arterial occlusive diseases
Lower limb ischaemia and management of arterial diseases
Aneurysms
Acute arterial occlusion
Upper limb ischemia and related conditions
Amputations
Vascular lesions and malformations
Venous Diseases
Examination of varicose veins
Video – Examination of varicose veins
Varicose veins
Venous ulcer, DVT, anticoagulants, VTE
Lymphatic System
Examination of lymphatic system and lymph nodes
Video – Examination of lymph nodes (in lymphatic system)
Surgical anatomy of lymphatics and lymphoedema
Hernia
Examination of hernia
Video – Examination of hernia
Hernia, general features, surgical anatomy
Inguinal hernia, features, management
Other hernias and technique of local anaesthesia in hernia
Ventral hernia – types and biomaterials used in hernia
Inguinoscrotal Swellings
Examination of inguinoscrotal and scrotal swellings
Examination of male external genitalia
Video – Examination of scrotum and male external genitalia
Diseases of the Scrotum
Diseases of the penis
Diseases of testis
Testicular tumours
Miscellaneous
Burns
Shock
Reconstruction
Haemorrhage
Infections
Electrolytes and fluid therapy
Nutrition
Obesity
Neoplasms
Hand and foot
Peripheral nerves
Transplantation
Adjuvant therapy
Day care surgery and surgical audit
Oral cavity
Examination of oral cavity
Video- Examination of oral cavity
Diseases of the oral cavity
Diseases of the alveolus, lip and tongue
Jaw, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavities
Examination of jaw tumours; Related diseases
Examinations of pharynx, larynx, nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Salivary Glands
Examination of salivary glands
Video – Examination of salivary neoplasms
Surgical anatomy and diseases of the salivary glands
Salivary neoplasms and their management
Qbanks
Systemic & Specialty Surgery
Thyroid
Examination of thyroid patient and evaluation
Video – Examination of thyroid swelling
Surgical anatomy of thyroid and congenital anomalies
Diseases of the thyroid gland
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyroid neoplasms
Thyroiditis, thyroidectomy
Parathyroid
Adrenal Glands
Breast
Examination in breast diseases
Video – Examination of breast lump
Surgical anatomy of breast and investigations in breast lump
Diseases of the breast
Carcinoma breast -– etiology, pathology, features
Management of carcinoma of breast
Dysphagia and Oesophagus
Examination of dysphagia and surgical anatomy of oesophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – 1
Oesophageal motility and other disorders of the oesophagus
Tumours of the oesophagus
Examination of Abdomen
Examination in chronic abdominal diseases
Examination of mass abdomen
Examination of acute abdomen
Video – Examination of chronic abdomen, mass abdomen and acute abdomen
Stomach
Surgical anatomy, investigations in diseases of the stomach
Diseases of the stomach
Small Intestine
Surgical anatomy and diseases of small intestine
Large Intestine
Large intestine – surgical anatomy and diseases
Diseases of large intestine
Intestinal Obstruction
Rectum and Anal Canal
Surgical anatomy rectum and anal canal
Examination of rectum and anal canal
Video – Examination of rectum and anal canal
Rectum and anal canal (carcinoma rectum)
Diseases of rectum and anal canal
Appendix
Surgical anatomy and diseases of the appendix
Diseases of appendix
Liver
Surgical anatomy of liver, functions of liver, liver function tests, liver trauma, liver cysts
Portal hypertension
Infections of the liver
Tumours of the liver
Hepatic resection, liver transplantation
Gallbladder
Surgical anatomy of gallbladder and congenital anomalies
Gallbladder stones (Gall stones) and acute cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis, surgical jaundice and other conditions of the gallbladder
Gallbladder and biliary neoplasm and other condition
Cholecystectomy
Spleen
Surgical anatomy of spleen and Splenic Injury
Splenomegaly and related conditions
Splenectomy and other diseases of spleen
Pancreas
Surgical anatomy of pancreas
Acute Pancreatitis
Pseudocyst of pancreas
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic tumours
Other surgical conditions of the pancreas
Abdominal Wall and Umbilicus
Diseases of abdominal wall and umbilicus
Abdominal Tuberculosis
Peritoneum
Peritoneum and peritonitis
Pelvic and subphrenic abscess, peritoneal, mesenteric and omental diseases
Retroperitoneum
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Diseases of thorax
Neurosurgery
Urology
Kidney, ureter
Urinary bladder
Prostate
Urethera
Trauma
Trauma (Wounds) – 1
Trauma – 2
Qbanks
Clinics in Surgery
History taking in surgery
General Physical Examination
Video – General examination
Surgical instruments
Surgical instruments video
Investigations in surgical patients
X-rays of surgical importance
Surgical pathology
Operative surgery
Anaesthesia and surgery
Learn the right way with Surgery for UnderGrads
Surgery is a much broader term, and learning about specific clinical disorders like the acute abdomen, surgical emergencies like testicular torsion and trauma, and obtaining more exposure to those who require more attention are all part of the MBBS syllabus. Surgery for UnderGrads is designed keeping in mind that students’ minds are trained in meticulous, correct appraisal and quick decision-making as a result of their exposure to cases. Therefore, it exposes them to common ‘surgical’ issues including skin lesions, ‘lumps and bumps,’ and hernias can also help enhance their knowledge.
Clinics in Surgery make sure that students can learn the fundamentals of obtaining histories, performing clinical examinations, and ordering the necessary investigations. Surgical clinics make students familiar with patients who have detailed histories and physical symptoms.
Students will also get the opportunity to improve their communication skills by learning how to explain difficult procedures and prognoses, as well as gain consent and deliver bad news in a kind and understandable manner to worried or depressed patients. A student’s knowledge of the reasons for a particular operation, the skill of cautious patient selection, the limitations of surgery, and its curative value improves in this situation. Undergraduates benefit from a unique educational experience in the operating room, which allows them to integrate and consolidate their information. In order to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of what is involved and how anatomy relates to pathology, students must be able to observe normal and pathological tissues as well as procedures up close.
Medical students may get the opportunity to learn about post-operative problems and the importance of careful, regular observation and contingency planning after the operation is completed. The course provides the student with unique insights into patient care and the opportunity to see the direct application of anatomy and physiology principles to clinical practise at each stage.
Best way to study Surgery
- Study Smart
There’s no doubt that during medical school, students are required to study extensively. It would be nearly hard to acquire the necessary skills and information to become a skilled doctor unless they put in the time and effort that is needed. Every medical student will study, collect knowledge, and uniquely organise their study hours to be more productive and efficient. Studying in a group might help them examine their knowledge by allowing them to discuss and ask questions. However, if their classmates aren’t as dedicated as they are, studying alone can help them avoid distractions.
- Sleep enough to wake up refreshed
Sleep deprivation is common during exam season when students overlook their own health in order to focus on revision. However, they need to be aware of the fact that a good night’s sleep provides them with a cognitive boost the next morning. It also ensures that they are healthy, study better, and feel more motivated. Being weary during an important lecture might divert them from their goal of being a Top Doc. Making a note of sleeping habits, creating a timetable, and sticking to it would help a lot.
- Volunteer for college societies
Participating in social events in MBBS helps students build their soft skills. Although the profession of a doctor requires skills and knowledge, it is equally important to have a sense of empathy. A great doctor is the one who understands, relates to, and connects with his or her patients, as well as their families. Communication is the key to understanding the physical and mental pain of the patient as well as being able to share the consequences and after-effects with them. This is required because doctors meet people from different social backgrounds, personalities, and behaviours regularly.
- Seek guidance from the right mentors
Mentors are the companions for life, the only difference being that they are way more experienced. In order to improve their skills and become highly qualified doctors, students must seek assistance from experts who can guide them patiently. Doctors who also teach at medical school have great worth and can guide students on the right path to their future job. Academic advisors, professors, and teaching assistants are the ones students seek advice from during their medical career.
Scope of Surgery after MBBS
Undergraduate students must complete their master’s degree to become a surgeon. Preoperative and postoperative care are both important aspects of becoming a surgeon, with the goal of returning patients to their natural physiologic state. Master of Surgery graduates’ career options and job prospects are as diverse as those of a physician in other specialties. Many people select this job because it allows them to witness a great deal of change. Surgeons must keep their abilities up to date in order to satisfy the changing needs of their patients. This is a fantastic job choice for those who like a challenge.
To diagnose and treat patients, modern hospitals require people with technological skills and competence. Students with a master’s in surgery can go for higher studies to gain an edge or update their skills. Aspirants can build a career as vascular surgeons, plastic surgeons, researchers, neonatal surgeons, and many more.
FAQs
Q1. Is surgery a good career to pursue?
A surgeon’s career can be immensely fulfilling because he or she has the opportunity to save people’s lives. In the operating room, a surgeon’s technical knowledge and talents have a noticeable impact on a patient’s health.
Q2. By when do you become a surgeon?
Surgical residents begin their training between the ages of 24 and 30 years old.
Q3. Can an MBBS doctor perform surgery?
An MBBS doctor without a PG degree is now prohibited from performing operations, anaesthetic treatments, or C-sections.
Pharmacology is the scientific study of how pharmaceuticals and chemicals impact living beings. A drug is any chemical molecule, natural or manmade, that has an effect on a biological system. It could include studying how organisms process medications, identifying and validating new drug targets, and designing and developing new drugs to prevent, treat, and cure disease.
Within the broad field of pharmacology, there are numerous sub-specialties- Pharmacodynamics is the study of medications’ impacts on biological systems, with a focus on the chemical characteristics, physiological, and behavioral consequences of drugs resulting from interactions with molecular targets like receptor proteins or enzyme systems. Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, is the study of how biological systems interact with drugs. It includes studies of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion, which provide critical information for the design of drug treatment schedules in various patient populations and experimental animals, as well as the prediction of drug-drug interactions that may improve or compromise the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents.
CBME-Based Pharmacology for UnderGrads
The curriculum in pharmacology has witnessed a change from dispensing pharmacy-based curriculum to an “applied” approach, where the emphasis is on how the student prescribes rationally, taking into view the various facets of the medicine and the patient. Traditional pharmacology education has been criticized for failing to prepare students for medical practise or to teach students how to use medications safely and rationally. The mention of these in the textbooks is perfunctory. The need for a change to a competency-based curriculum was thus felt worldwide, and hence, the new CBME Curriculum has emphasized the below-mentioned competencies for an undergraduate student.
- Be able to recognize common drug formulations, appreciate their benefits and drawbacks, and choose the best one for a specific illness.
- Be familiar with the national essential drugs list, the criteria used to create it, its benefits, and how to utilise it in practise.
- Select personal or P-drugs for common conditions and make a proper prescription for a specific patient.
- Be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of pharmaceutical promotion and be able to appropriately respond to them.
- Recognize commercial and non-commercial sources of drug information and use them to stay current and prescribe medications.
- Be aware of the dangers of misusing drugs in general, and antimicrobials in particular. Be able to analyze prescriptions using the WHO prescribing indicators and be able to use the same as a guide to their own prescribing behaviour.
- Communicate relevant drug and nondrug information about common diseases to patients in order to ensure drug therapy compliance.
- Be able to recognise, track, and report negative medication reactions.
- Understand the need of calculating medicine doses and determining accurate drug doses when necessary.
- Be able to advise patients on proper drug administration, including the use of specific equipment, as well as proper storage and disposal of medications.
Pharmacology for UnderGrads
Pharmacology for UnderGrads clarifies fundamental principles and keeps students up to date on the latest developments. It is one of the best online Pharmacology courses since the modules are aligned with the standard pharmacology textbook, making it easy for students to follow an organized approach.
The CBME curriculum has recently changed to emphasize the integration of all topics as well as the students’ clinical skills. The relevance of application-based learning has been emphasized in CBME, and the test questions are structured to measure students’ clinical knowledge. This course has well-integrated this unique way of studying the subject.
Pharmacology for UnderGrads was created under the guidance of Dr. Sandeep Kaushal and Dr. Nirmal George to make Pharmacology an exciting and entertaining trip without the need to memorize every drug and categorization. The faculty has discussed the art of studying pharmacology, including how to prepare for the theory, practical, and NEET/NEXT PG Exams.
The lectures are well-illustrated with pertinent visuals, flowcharts, tables, and boxes to help viewers grasp and recall information fast. The lectures’ animations assist students in connecting concepts to their daily lives. Each topic is supported by pharmacological notes and MCQs that serve as a revision aid. Additionally, each section is added with relevant questions with answer keys for self-assessment.
The Course Includes:
- Video Lectures: The course is enhanced by 70 hours of video lecture series.
- Lecture Notes: 77+ lecture notes assist students in speedy revision.
- Practicals: All of the necessary practicals have been covered to assist students in preparing for practicals and vivas.
- Self-Assessment Questions: 1500+ pharmacology MCQs with appropriate explanations are provided.
Table of Content – Pharmacology for UnderGrads
General Pharmacology
Rational Prescribing
Routes of Drug Administration
Factors Modifying Drug Action
Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic System: Actions & Endogenous Agents
Adrenergic System: Adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic System: Adrenergic Antagonists
Autocoids
Prostaglandins
Respiratory System
Bronchial Asthma
Hormones & Related Drugs
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Antidiabetic drugs
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Ketoacidosis
PNS
CNS
Alcohols
Pharmacotherapy of Depression-1
Pharmacotherapy of Depression-2
Parkinson’s Disease
Antimania drugs
Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Opioids 1
CVS
Renal System
Diuretics
Blood and blood formation
Anticoagulants-I
GIT
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer
Antimicrobials
Aminoglycosides
Anti-retroviral drugs
β-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillin
Beta Lactam Antibiotics: Cephalosporins Carbapenems & Monobactam
Fluoroquinolones
Sulphonamides Antifolate Drugs
Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Anti-Leprosy Drugs
Neoplastic Drugs
Ocular Pharmacology
Miscellaneous
Drug Development and Clinical Trials
Qbank
General Pharmacological Principles
Drugs Acting on Autonomic nervous System
Autacoids and Related Drugs
Respiratory System Drugs
Hormones and Related Drugs
Drugs Acting on Peripheral (Somatic) nervous System
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular Drugs
Drugs Acting on Kidney
Drugs Affecting Blood and Blood Formation
Gastrointestinal Drugs
Antimicrobial Drugs
Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases
Miscellaneous Drugs
Mistakes to avoid while studying Pharmacology
- Ignoring the taxonomy of significant drug families would be a big mistake.
- Undirected learning without a clear understanding of the purpose of reading a topic is a complete waste of time.
- Nausea and vomiting are surely the most common pharmacological side effects, however, it is highly necessary to focus on specific ones.
- Not placing enough emphasis on recalling the mechanism of action of a specific family of a drug.
- Reading dense notes with numerous references to diverse research that have no therapeutic application must be avoided.
- Relying primarily on books while ignoring other resources such as videos, flowcharts, and so on.
- Not practising enough MCQs and focusing only on the theoretical part instead of clinical discussions.
Easiest Way to Learn Pharmacology
- Choose the right reference material – After you’ve attended all of your lectures, you’ll require a lot of revision material. The ideal method would be to approach pharmacology books with MCQs, keynotes, and simple graphics. Apart from textbooks, watch CBME-based Pharmacology videos that aim to provide conceptual clarity.
- Take Good Notes — To avoid forgetting about a large number of medications in Pharmacology, take legible and informative notes during all of your lectures so that you may refer to them later. While writing improves memory, having visually appealing notes increases your chances of recalling concepts quickly throughout the exam. Organize the topics using flowcharts, tables, graphs, and graphics.
- Test your knowledge with your buddy – Keep assessing your knowledge whenever you are with your friends. This will ensure that you are on the same page as them and will help you to know the different techniques your friends use to remember the vast amount of drugs.
- Break down drugs by indication and class – Sort medications by what they’re used for, and then by their class. Indications, contraindications, and other characteristics of medications in the same class are often the same. Learn them in general terms; you can always return to your CPGs for specifics, but you must first know what to use. Also, while learning the physically equivalent system (respiratory drugs/cardiovascular drugs, etc.), learn pharmacological actions.
- Create your chart – Make a chart in alphabetical order and read it over and over again. The chart must include the drug name, the generic names, the dosages, the indications, the contraindications, as well as the mechanism of action, the drug type, and diseases or conditions it is given for.
- Practise Previous Years’ Question Papers –Solving previous years’ question papers is crucial in pharmacology. This can serve as a fantastic pre-exam practise test while also teaching you exam patterns and questioning techniques. By attempting as many questions as possible, you can get familiar with the test format and the important topics that are asked most often in the exam.
- Find a teaching methodology that works for you – If you need comprehensive understanding, leave some time for self-assessment daily. If you want to make learning interesting, DigiNerve’s Pharmacology for UnderGrads course adopts a CBME-based approach. Access video lectures, MCQs, notes, IBQs, and VBQs to stimulate visual memory.
Scope of Pharmacology
Pharmacologists must have a strong foundation in physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to gain specific expertise and experimental methodologies for studying areas of drug action. Such study could focus on molecular interactions, cellular and subcellular signal transduction pathways, tissue and organ regulation, as well as integrated physiological or behavioural responses in organisms. The knowledge gathered assists in the development of novel medications as well as rational therapies, which entail the safe and effective use of drugs for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, pharmacologists’ interdisciplinary knowledge provides them with a unique perspective on several biomedical difficulties, as well as improved employment opportunities in a variety of scientific domains.
Here are some professions to consider:
- Academic Researcher
- Biomedical Scientist
- Clinical Research Associate Clinical Scientist- Biochemistry
- Clinical Scientist- Immunology
- Medicinal Chemist
- Pharmacologist
- Research Scientist (Life Sciences)
- Research Scientist (Medical)
- Scientific Laboratory Technician
- Community Pharmacist
- Higher Education Lecturer
- Medical Sales Representative
- Medical Science Liaison
- Neuroscientist
- Patent Attorney
- Regulatory Affairs Officer
- Science Writer
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q1. What are the types of pharmacology?
Ans. Pharmacology has two major branches:
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolised, and excreted.
- Pharmacodynamics includes a pharmacological mechanism of action, refers to the molecular, biochemical, and physiological impacts of medications.
Q2. What is the difference between pharmacology and pharmacy?
Ans. A drug can be broadly described as any human-made, natural, or endogenous chemical, and pharmacology is the discipline of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug activity. The science and art of making and dispensing medications studied and created by pharmacologists is known as pharmacy.
Q3. How can I become a pharmacologist?
Ans. Pharmacologists need an advanced degree such as a Ph. D., Pharm. D., or M.D. Students who want to work in clinical pharmacology should have a medical degree.
Q4. What is the scope of studying Pharmacology?
A degree in pharmacology can lead to research positions in academia, industry, scientific civil service, and hospitals. You can work as a liaison between pharmaceutical corporations, doctors, and patients. Besides, product management or areas such as marketing and medical information are also approached.
Pharmacology for UnderGrads helps in clarifying basic concepts and keeps students updated with recent advancements. It is one of the best Pharmacology online courses as the modules covered in the course are in line with the standard pharmacology book, making it easier for the students to follow a structured approach.
The recent changes in the CBME curriculum have placed focus on integrating all subjects along with strengthening the clinical skills of the students. Application-based learning has been given paramount importance in CBME and even the questions’ pattern in the exams is designed to assess the clinical knowledge of students. This unique approach to studying the subject has been well-integrated in this course.
Under the mentorship of Dr. Sandeep Kaushal and Dr. Nirmal George, Pharmacology for UnderGrads has been crafted to make Pharmacology an interesting and enjoyable journey obviating the need to mug up each and every drug and classification. The faculty has covered the art of studying Pharmacology; giving tips on how to prepare for theory, practical, and NEET/NEXT PG Exam.
The lectures are richly illustrated with relevant images along with flowcharts, tables, and boxes, to enhance the understanding of the viewers and recall quickly. The animations in the lectures help the students to relate the concepts with their daily events. All topics are accompanied by pharmacology notes and MCQs that act as a ready reckoner for revision. Additionally, at the end of each session, questions with answer keys are provided for self-assessment. All the important practicals have also been covered to help students prepare for practicals and viva.
For Institutional pricing, please contact us at care@diginerve.com.
Ophthalmology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases and their complications. Ophthalmology, once considered a minor discipline, has recently expanded to include a variety of subspecialties such as the cornea, pediatric ophthalmology, ocular oncology, glaucoma, ocular pathology, and neuro-ophthalmology.
Studying ophthalmology according to the previous syllabus made it difficult for students to figure out which topics they should emphasize more, how to organize their studies, what practical aspects/skills to know and acquire, and so on. The new CBME Curriculum focuses on core competencies and outlines the learning domain as well as the depth to which a concept should be explored. The AETCOM Module, which stands for Attitude Ethics and Communication, defines the competencies on which the curriculum is built. This is in place to ensure that graduates have the skills they need to meet patients’ needs in society.
DigiNerve’s Ophthalmology for UnderGrads has been conceptualized and designed in accordance with the new CBME curriculum. The aim is to help MBBS students get conceptual clarity and farewell in university exams as well as PG entrance exams. Dr. Parul Ichhpujani and Dr. Talvir Sidhu, the eminent faculty for this course, have addressed all of the subject’s essential aspects in their CBME-oriented Ophthalmology Course. This is one of the best online ophthalmology courses since it aims to provide students with specific competencies more effectively.
Some of the major books authored by Dr. Parul Ichhpujani are “Expert Techniques in Ophthalmic Surgery”, “Clinical Cases in Glaucoma: An Evidence-Based Approach”, and “Manual of Glaucoma”, while Dr. Talvir Sidhu is renowned for her book “Gonioscopy: A Text and Atlas” and “Gonioscopy: A video-assisted Skill Transfer Approach” (includes interactive DVD-ROM).
The faculty has covered the art of studying ophthalmology in order to prepare students for theory, practical, and NEET PG examinations. The orientation video itself provides them with a road map to approach the subject. This online ophthalmology course is designed to help MBBS students in strengthening the basics of Ophthalmology by providing them with advanced clinical vignettes. This provides clinical orientation to the subject.
Each topic includes an overview of the anatomy and physiology of that part, which will serve as a refresher for students. It will also assist them in comprehending the aetiology of various disorders, as well as providing a full description of how each ailment would manifest on ocular inspection. In this Online Ophthalmology Course, basic history-taking and clinical examination of the eye are demonstrated as an extended lecture to provide students with a full overview. The lectures are well-illustrated with clinical and radiological pictures, as well as flowcharts, tables, and boxes to enhance the visual memory of the students.
The Course Includes:
- Video Lectures: 21+ hrs of video lecture series that give you an edge over others.
- Lecture Notes: 33 lecture notes including simple advanced-case vignettes to enhance knowledge during preparation.
- Clinical Case-Based Discussion: The course includes various practical case scenarios which are usually not given in textbooks.
- Self-Assessment Questions: 1000+ practice questions are provided with relevant explanations
DigiNerve’s Ophthalmology for UnderGrads- Table of Content
Ocular Examination
Basic History And Ocular Examination
Visual acuity
Vision assessment
Refractive Errors
Extraocular muscles and Ocular motility
Strabismus to Amblyopia
Extraocular Muscles -Strabismus
Nerve Palsies
Lids and Adnexa
Lid and Adnexal Disorders-1
Lid and Adnexal Disorders-2
Orbit
Proptosis, Orbital Cellulitis and Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Orbital Tumors
Conjunctiva
Red Eye by
Conjunctival Disorders
Cornea
Corneal Ulcer: Bacterial and Fungal
Corneal Ulcer: Viral
Eye donation and Eye banking
Sclera
Scleritis and Episcleritis
Anterior chamber and Uvea
Anterior Chamber
Uveitis
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Lens
Anatomy and Physiology
Cataract: History, Examination and Consent
Cataract: Diagnosis & Planning Surgery
Cataract Surgeries
Retina
Basics of Fundus Examination
Vascular Occlusions of Retina
Hypertensive & Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Detachment by
Management Modalities for Retinal Disorders
Optic Nerve
Diseases of Optic Nerve
Miscellaneous
National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCB & VI) and Vision 2020
Ocular Trauma
Visual Rehabilitation in the Elderly
How to Study Ophthalmology?
Study from Reliable Resources: The new CBME curriculum stresses key competencies and outlines the learning domain as well as the level at which a subject must be learned. As a result, students must concentrate on locating the most relevant and reliable content which is as per the latest curriculum.
Watch Clinical Case Discussions: The online Ophthalmology course on DigiNerve is ideal for gaining conceptual clarity through clinical case discussions. This course was designed and developed in accordance with the new CBME curriculum. It comprises an extended presentation that includes a demonstration of basic history-taking and clinical examination of the eye to provide students with a full overview.
Practise from Exam POV: To receive maximum exposure for your university exams and NEET PG Exam, practise as many questions as possible.
Learn from best mentors: Find popular study resources by specialists who cover the art of studying ophthalmology as well as content as per theory, practical, and NEET PG exams. It’s helpful if your professor provides you with a strategy for approaching the subject.
Study Ocular Examination in depth: In each chapter, focus on anatomy and physiology, as well as the pathophysiology of various diseases, and a full explanation of how each condition would appear on the ocular examination. To strengthen your memory, look for clinical and radiological images, as well as flowcharts, tables, and boxes, wherever they are needed.
How to Study Ophthalmology for NEET PG?
When preparing for NEET-PG, it is essential to study from the appropriate books. Students are frequently enticed by texts that promise shortcuts. As the candidate approaches the subject, such books have a negative impact on their psychology. Therefore, referring to recommended books is critical, as these books help students to dodge doubts.
Some of the most important topics in Ophthalmology are:
- Lens – Surgeries, Ectopia lentis, Cataract, and related concepts, their complications, and solutions are very important. You should also be well-versed in the Anatomy and Physiology of lens.
- Cornea – Anatomy and Physiology, Keratitis, Congenital Anomalies of Cornea, and Cornea Degeneration
- Conjunctiva – Conjunctivitis, Trachoma, Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis, Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis, Dry Eye, Pterygium, and Pinguecula.
- Glaucoma – POAG, PACG, Secondary Glaucoma, and Surgeries and Drugs
- Orbit – Blunt Trauma, Orbit Fracture, Orbit Tumors, Proptosis, and Chalcosis
- Eye – Surgeries, and Ptosis (Measurement and Causes)
- Lacrimal – Epiphora, and Dacryocystitis Treatment
- Retina – CRVO, CRAO, CME, CSR, Diabetic Retinopathy, ARMD, Retinoblastoma, Retinitis Pigmentosa, BEST, Stargardt Disease, Coats Disease, Retinoscopy, Ophthalmoscope, and ROP
- Optics – Criteria, Definitions and Types of Refractive Error, Surgeries, and Contact Lens
- Neuro-Ophthalmology – Pathway, Reflex, Papillitis, Papilledema, Toxic Amblyopia, Squint, and Optic Neuritis
- Community Ophthalmology – NBCP & Xerophthalmia
Scope of Studying Ophthalmology
- Cataract Specialists or Surgeons: These are professionals who perform surgery to remove the natural lens and replace it with an artificial lens in order to alleviate the patient’s problem of opacity or blurred vision.
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Specialist: An expert in this profession deals with eye disorders related to the neurological system. Some serious concerns, such as optic nerve abnormalities impacting visibility, trouble controlling eye movement, double vision, and so on, require rapid treatment from a Neuro-Ophthalmologist. A specialist who is a master of Ophthalmology is essential for the study of both neurology and ophthalmology.
- Retina Specialists: These professionals deal with issues affecting the Retina. These issues are usually caused by injury or damage to the retina, which can occur as a result of retinal detachment, abrupt flashes, or floaters.
- Cornea Specialist: This expert is responsible for providing treatments and surgeries to address any damage, illness, or disease that affects the human eye’s Cornea, Conjunctiva, Eyelids, and Sclera. They must take preventative actions to prevent additional harm and to recover the injury that is affecting the patient’s vision.
- Oculoplastics Specialists: They are specialists who work to repair and remodel the eye. They deal with eyelid surgery and abnormalities in the orbit and lacrimal system, as well as disorders in the area surrounding the eyeball.
- Pediatric Ophthalmologist: Professionals in this discipline deal with any ocular problem that affects children’s eyes. Strabismus, genetic abnormalities, amblyopia, neoplastic disorders, conjunctivitis, and misalignment of the eyes are some of the primary significant problems that Pediatric Ophthalmologists treat.
- Ocular Immunology Specialist: The specialist’s job is to control issues with the human body’s immunology, which can lead to a variety of eye-related illnesses and diseases. Corneal ulcers, uveitis, sclerosis, and any sort of eye inflammation are examples of these illnesses. These specialists collaborate closely with general practitioners.
Additional jobs to choose from are Professor/Lecturer, ENT Specialist, Clinical Assistant, and Medical Consultant.
FAQs
1 – What’s the difference between an optometrist and an ophthalmologist?
Patient’s eyes are examined, diagnosed, and treated by optometrists. Ophthalmologists are doctors who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of eye diseases.
2 – Is being an ophthalmologist a good career choice?
Ophthalmology is a nice blend of surgical and medical practise, and many people can focus on either of these. Those interested in surgery will need time to adjust to this microsurgical field, but with the correct instruction, anyone with basic hand-eye coordination can master it.
3 – Does ophthalmology have any scope for the future?
According to the Health Resources and Services Administration, by 2025, there will be a demand for about 22,000 ophthalmic surgeons. However, it was predicted that more than 6,000 physicians would fall short of the requirement.
4 – Is ophthalmology a simple subject to learn?
It is regarded as one of the most difficult branches to study and practise, requiring complete dedication as well as knowledge and developed skills. This branch of medicine is characterized by a variety of extraordinary traits.
5 – How do I go about becoming an ophthalmologist after completing my MBBS?
One must first obtain an MBBS degree and then pursue post-graduate studies in Ophthalmology to become a competent Ophthalmologist.
Microbiology is a complex, lab-intensive subject that necessitates conceptual clarity. To ace the subject, you’ll need a lot of memorization and logic, but with the correct books and lectures, you’ll start enjoying it. When it comes to resources, Dr. Apurba S Sastry’s “Essentials of Medical Microbiology” and “Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology” (based on the CBME curriculum) are two of the best. You won’t have the right understanding of organisms unless and until you look at them and study them, therefore getting proper exposure to practicals and going to labs is crucial. Read Dr. Apurba S Sastry and Dr. Sandhya Bhat’s “Essentials of Practical Microbiology” to gain a better understanding of practicals. This book will give you a hands-on experience with microbiology practicals.
To get conceptual clarity, the best way to study Microbiology online is by watching Microbiology video lectures by Dr. Apurba Sastry. His video lectures are only available on DigiNerve. The book’s TOC and the TOC of his video lectures are identical, and they complement each other. Microbiology for UnderGrads course is divided into 2 parts- (I) General Microbiology, Immunology, and Hospital Infection Control and (II) Systemic Microbiology. It aids in the development of a solid theoretical and practical foundation for undergraduate students. The lectures take a case-based approach with a discussion of topics, eliminating the need to consult many texts.
The Course includes:
- 150 hours of video lecture on 81 microbiology topics.
- 81 lecture notes with simple advanced-case vignettes.
- The lectures go over a variety of practical case scenarios that aren’t normally included in textbooks.
- Learning methodologies such as SDL and SGDs are based on the new CBME Curriculum.
- A series of 4000 must-know multiple-choice questions help students to assess their knowledge
The course also includes flow charts, diagrams, and graphics for easier recollection; pre-made notes save time when it comes to reviewing. DigiNerve provides Microbiology notes for MBBS preparation because taking notes might be time-consuming. For ease of understanding and memorization, the notes are illustrated by clinical, histological, radiological, and gross images. Furthermore, each topic has tons of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to test your understanding.
CBME-Based Microbiology for UnderGrads Course
While the old curriculum focused on studying microbiology organism-wise, the new CBME curriculum takes a system-based approach to learn microbiology by classifying organisms as per respective systems of the body. This means it concentrates on organisms as a system, which is a more convenient way to understand the subject. Microbiology for UnderGrads is the first online microbiology course to integrate the system-based approach as per the New CBME Curriculum. Dr. Apurba Sastry has thoroughly explained everything as per the CBME curriculum. He has also discussed the most recent improvements, such as COVID-19.
The competencies on which the curriculum is based, are defined by the AETCOM Module, which stands for Attitude Ethics and Communication. This is introduced to ensure that graduates gain the skills needed to meet the demands of patients in society.
How does Microbiology for UnderGrads help you avoid mistakes?
As the MBBS Syllabus is so vast and concepts so complex, students tend to make some mistakes. These could be because of a lack of consistency, overconfidence, or under-confidence that can change the game for any student. There are some typical pitfalls to avoid when studying microbiology online to achieve success in your grades and career.
- Don’t take notes lightly – Take meticulous notes throughout all lectures so that you retain information faster, and have maximum content to revise. In case you have skipped making notes, you can access lecture notes on high-yield topics on DigiNerve. The content on the app is backed by Jaypee Brothers, a pioneer and global leader in health science publishing with a legacy spanning over 5 decades.
- Don’t be either insecure or overconfident – Insecurity can lead to trivial mistakes like second-guessing yourself and wasting time reading over answers you’ve already completed, both of which can make studying microbiology way stressful. Overconfidence, on the other hand, might lead to sloppy revision or a careless attempt. Practise maximum MCQs available on the app to gain confidence while assessing your knowledge simultaneously.
- Wave off any negative thoughts – You must keep in mind that one grade or course result has very little bearing on your overall medical journey to becoming a top doctor. Keep this in mind when you learn microbiology online and focus on conceptual clarity rather than marks. Dr. Apurba Sastry in his systemic approach to Microbiology discusses every topic comprehensively in his course- Microbiology for UnderGrads; this is the best online Microbiology course to gain conceptual understanding. After you’ve completed the needed studying for the day, try to find some time to unwind to help you regain a positive attitude for the next day.
- Isolating oneself – Socializing while studying microbiology online may not seem easy, but finding methods to connect with people, even if it is just virtually, may be extremely beneficial not only in terms of making you feel better but also in terms of boosting learning. You can meet like-minded people that inspire you to work harder by forming a study group to prepare for either exam or simply study microbiology online with Dr. Apurba Sastry.
- Ignoring Doubts – Avoid suppressing your doubts for fear of appearing foolish or unimportant. Ask your doubts while you study so that you achieve clarity before appearing for the microbiology exam. This will save you time in the long run, boost your confidence, and broaden your expertise.
The Easiest way to learn Microbiology
Microbiology is a boring subject to study for most students, but doing so from an online platform allows for a more fluid flow of knowledge and a better learning experience. Unlike previous medical microbiology courses, new microbiology courses on online platforms like DigiNerve include high-quality video lectures from India’s best academics, MCQs, notes, and much more. These will make microbiology enjoyable, productive, and engaging. Here are a few ideas to make Microbiology simpler to avoid any form of second-year slump
- Learn from India’s Eminent Faculty – How about studying from the author of your textbook himself? Luckily, DigiNerve’s Microbiology for UnderGrads Course is mentored by the renowned academician– Dr. Apurba Sastry. He is affiliated with JIPMER and has published 9 successful books, including the best-seller ‘Essentials of Medical Microbiology’, and around 47 specialized medical articles in acclaimed journals. Your education extends beyond simply learning from books when you have faculty like him on your side to guide you throughout your top doc journey.
- Choose the right reference material – You’ll need a lot of revision material once you’ve attended all of your lectures and the time for your microbiology exam arrives. Microbiology books with MCQs, keynotes, and easy-to-understand graphics are the best way to accomplish this. Apart from exam preparation material, DigiNerve has clinical and systemic Microbiology content that is CBME-based and aims to provide conceptual clarity.
- Maintain Good Notes – To not forget the vast syllabus of Microbiology, maintain legible and informative notes during all of your lectures so that you can use them later on. While writing boosts memory, visually appealing notes enhance your chance of recalling information instantly at the time of the exam. To boost your memory, refer to notes like those on DigiNerve, that are equipped with flowcharts, tables, diagrams, images, etc.
- Practise Previous Years’ Question Papers – Solving previous years’ question papers is crucial in microbiology. This can serve as a fantastic pre-exam practise test while also teaching you exam patterns and questioning techniques. By answering as many questions as possible, you will become familiar with the test format as well as the important topics that are asked most frequently in the exam
- Find a teaching methodology that works for you – If you need comprehensive understanding, leave some time for practicing self-assessment daily. If you want to make learning interesting, DigiNerve’s Microbiology for UnderGrads course adopts a systemic approach as per CBME Curriculum. Access video lectures, IBQs, and VBQs along with flowcharts, tables, and diagrams to stimulate visual memory.
Topics covered in Microbiology for UnderGrads by Dr. Apurba Sastry
Module 1: General Microbiology
- Introduction and History
- Microscopy
- General Bacteriology
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- Bacterial Taxonomy
- Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections
- Bacterial Genetics
- Antimicrobial Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance
- Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections
- Overview of Bacterial Infections
- General Virology and Overview of Viral Infections
- General Parasitology and Overview of Parasitic Infections
- General Mycology and Overview of Fungal Infections
- Normal Human Microbiota
- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Module 2: Immunology
- Immunity (Innate and Acquired)
- Antigen
- Antibody
- Antigen-antibody Reaction
- Complement
- Components of Immune System
- Immune Responses
- Hypersensitivity
- Autoimmunity
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Transplant and Cancer Immunology
- Immunoprophylaxis
Module 3: Hospital Infection Control
- Healthcare-associated Infections
- Major Healthcare-associated Infection Types
- Sterilization and Disinfection
- Biomedical Waste Management
- Needle Stick Injury
- Antimicrobial Stewardship
- Environmental Surveillance (Bacteriology of Water, Air and Surface)
Module 4: Bloodstream and Cardiovascular System Infections
- Cardiovascular System Infections: Infective Endocarditis and Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Bloodstream Infections
- Enteric Fever
- Rickettsial Infections
- Miscellaneous Bacterial Bloodstream Infections
- HIV/AIDS
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF)
- Malaria and Babesiosis
- Visceral Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis
- Lymphatic Filariasis
- Systemic Candidiasis and Systemic Mycoses
Module 5: Gastrointestinal (GI) Infections
- Gastrointestinal Infective Syndromes
- Food Poisoning
- Gastrointestinal Infections due to Enterobacteriaceae
- Cholera, Halophilic Vibrio and Aeromonas Infections
- Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections of Gastrointestinal System
- Viral Gastroenteritis: Rotaviruses and Others
- Intestinal Protozoan Infections
- Intestinal Helminthic Infections
Module 6: Hepatobiliary System Infections
- Infective Syndromes of Hepatobiliary System and Abdomen
- Viruses Causing Hepatitis
- Parasitic Infections of Hepatobiliary System
Module 7: Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System Infections
- Infective Syndromes of Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal Systems
- Staphylococcal Infections
- Beta-hemolytic Streptococcal Infections
- Gas gangrene and Infections due to Nonsporing Anaerobes
- Leprosy
- Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues
- Viral Exanthems and Other Cutaneous Viral Infections
- Parasitic Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System
- Fungal Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal System
Module 8: Respiratory Tract Infections
- Infective Syndromes of Respiratory Tract
- Bacterial Pharyngitis
- Bacterial Lobar Pneumonia
- Bacterial Atypical (Interstitial) Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections
- Pertussis
- Infections due to Non-fermenting Gram-negative Bacilli
- Myxovirus Infections of Respiratory Tract
- Coronavirus Infections Including COVID-19
- Miscellaneous Viral Infections of Respiratory Tract
- Parasitic and Fungal Infections of Respiratory Tract
Module 9: Central Nervous System Infections
- Infective Syndromes of Central Nervous System
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Tetanus
- Viral Meningitis and Myelitis
- Viral Encephalitis and Encephalopathy
- Parasitic and Fungal Infections of Central Nervous System
Module 10: Urogenital Tract Infections
- Infective Syndromes of Urinary Tract
- Infective Syndromes of Genital Tract
Module 11: Miscellaneous Infective Syndromes
- Ocular and Ear Infections
- Congenital Infections
- Organisms with Oncogenic Potential
- Zoonotic Infections
Module 12: Microbiology Practical
- Introduction
- Gram Staining
- Acid fast staining
- Stool Microscopy
- Specimen Collection
- Hospital Infection Control
- Problem Solving Exercise
Module 13: QBanks
Now that you know the best and most basic tips to help you ace your second year, click here to view DigiNerve’s Microbiology for UnderGrads course.
FAQs:
- Is Microbiology in MBBS difficult to study?
Microbiology is complex but if you study the right way referring to the best resources, you can ace it in the least amount of time. Access Dr. Apurba Sastry’s Microbiology for UnderGrads course to watch his video lectures, MCQs, and notes. His book – “Essentials of Medical Microbiology” is the most popular book to study Microbiology.
- What is the scope of studying Microbiology?
Graduates of Microbiology MD can find work in the private and public sectors of a variety of reputable institutions in India and overseas. The wide range of career options includes Biological Scientist, Physical Therapist, Dental Hygienist, Medical Scientist, Surgical Consultant, and so on.
- Which is the best app to prepare for Microbiology?
DigiNerve is the best app if you need conceptual clarity in Microbiology. Dr. Apurba Sastry’s video lectures and MCQs at the end of each lecture make Microbiology for UnderGrads the most sought-after course among MBBS students.
The fundamental goal of OBGYN in MBBS is to familiarise students with the anatomy and physiology of the female genital tract, as well as pregnancy physiology and pathology, which includes conception, ANC, labour, and complications. Demography, gynaecological diseases, gynecological endocrinology, infertility, and current developments are also included in the syllabus, as are family planning procedures such as MTP and tubectomy to enable students to actively engage in National family planning programmes. Its goal is to teach students how to detect and treat diseases of the female genital system, as well as aid with normal and emergency OBS and GYN procedures. A gynaecologist is primarily concerned with reproductive health, whereas an obstetrician is concerned with women’s health during and after pregnancy.
Be consistent:
Medical field requires you to be highly consistent and regular. Studying from day 1 saves you from missing anything important that might be discussed in the class. Start by following the index and know how much you have to cover. When you don’t feel like studying, google something of your favourite topic and you will find yourself taking in the most interesting information of that topic. Indulge in discussions with friends; brainstorming makes studying even more interesting.
Be Thorough with the basics:
Wondering how to start studying OBGYN? Make sure you have a firm grasp on the fundamentals, such as normal anatomy first. It’s critical to establish a solid foundation before diving deep into intricacies. You must also concentrate on clinical assessment and procedural abilities. You must also have a thorough awareness of clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapy among other things.
Choose the correct textbook:
The textbooks you choose in your medical school can have a significant impact on your medical career. When it comes to choosing the right textbooks, “DC Dutta’s Obstetrics textbook” and “DC Dutta’s Gynecology textbook” are excellent resources that the majority of students use to learn. The book’s easy-to-read structure makes it comprehensive and user-friendly. The main attraction of this book is its presentation, which includes high-quality graphics, design, numerous illustrations, high-quality pictures, and imaging studies. To simplify concepts for better clarity, there are numerous tables, boxes, flowcharts, and algorithms. The essential points are listed at the end of each chapter and serve as a summary of the whole chapter. This is beneficial for quick and simple revision. The best method to study DC Dutta is to break it down into sections and then study each one separately.
Watch Videos Online:
The subject is simple if you make it so, and one way to accomplish that is to view online videos on the themes that you find difficult to grasp. You can also check out DigiNerve to watch video lectures of its OBGYN course. With recent modifications to the CBME curriculum, students must now integrate their studies in order to obtain a holistic understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the female genital system. Furthermore, they must concentrate on clinical examination and procedural abilities.
Experiential Learning:
Clinical visits are the best way to learn and enhance your practical point of view. One technique is to learn and memorize facts from books, but you’ll comprehend a lot more if you’re present and witness it unfold.
A separate lecture illustrating the principles of clinical examination on a mannequin has been prepared in the OBGYN for UnderGrads course by DigiNerve to help students grasp the basics of clinical examination. This will assist students to build confidence in performing procedures in clinical practice by enhancing their conceptual understanding. The topics have been made more interesting by using a variety of case studies to provide a practical perspective to the research. To aid memorizing, the lectures are lavishly illustrated with clinical and radiological pictures, as well as flowcharts, tables, and boxes.
Additionally, dummy-assisted breech delivery has been demonstrated, which is tremendously beneficial to students.
Make notes:
This is a dynamic subject that necessitates conceptual clarity along with extensive revision. To revise the right way, resorting to your notes at the time of exams helps to recall the topics better. Since it is impossible to open big volumes just before exams, notes make the information concise to memorize and save time. If by any chance you have missed making notes of a particular topic, you can find them online on DigiNerve app, which provides trusted notes by eminent faculty.
FAQs
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How many years does it take to become a gynecologist?
After completing your MBBS and internship, you must pass the NEET PG exam and obtain a master’s degree in obstetrics and gynecology. It takes about seven to eight years to become one.
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Is gynecology a good career?
Gynecology is currently one of the highest paying careers in medicine; it is a well-respected and prestigious field.
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What does an Obstetrician do?
An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in obstetrics, which entails dealing with all aspects of prenatal and postnatal care, as well as having training in women’s health and pregnancy. They are experts in assisting women throughout labor and delivery.
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How is Gynecology different from Obstetrics?
Gynecology is concerned with women’s reproductive health, whereas obstetrics is concerned with women’s health and pregnancy. Gynecology is concerned with women’s reproductive health, whereas obstetrics is concerned with women’s health and pregnancy.
Pediatrics is a branch of medicine concerned with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. It involves the prevention, early detection, and treatment of a variety of issues in children such as developmental disorders, behavioral disorders, dysfunctionality, and much more.
To know how to study Pediatrics in MBBS, understand the three pillars of pediatrics. By classifying the course content into three key pillars, Growth and Development, Nutrition & Anthropometry, and Immunization, you can easily navigate through the subject with maximum retention and minimal confusion.
Things to Remember:
- Classify causes: Organize causes for various conditions. This will help you to memorize an array of causes in a structured manner to recall at the time of the exam.
- Age is an important factor in Anthropometry: This is used clinically to diagnose malnutrition and monitor child growth in populations.
- Be thorough with Micronutrients and Electrolyte, because minor changes can have a major impact on the four systems.
- Diarrhea, bronchiolitis by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), nephrotic syndrome, and Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are some of the most important topics.
- Differential diagnosis: This requires you to critically think and put your clinical reasoning to test with the help of symptom-based and problem-based approaches.
- Know the Management- Investigation is a crucial part of management and treatment in Pediatrics.
- Newborn Examination: Focus on neonatal reflexes, postural reflexes, time of their appearing, time of disappearing.
- The Ballard score: Have clarity of the Ballard Score as it is based on the neonate’s physical and neuromuscular maturity and can be used up to 4 days after birth.
Don’t miss Practicals: Practical knowledge is extremely important for entrance exams. They help in conceptual clarity as you get exposed to real case-based scenarios. For better exposure, see as many patients as you can, of various age groups, such as newborns, infants, teenagers, and so on. Go through clinical case scenarios as much as possible. You can find a lot of them on DigiNerve’s Pediatrics for UnderGrads Course by Dr. Santosh Soans and Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam.
Take Notes: The most crucial thing is to take notes because they filter down the highlights of the vast 4th-year MBBS syllabus. According to research, actively engaging with a topic by listening and then summarising what you hear helps you grasp and recall later. While self-made notes are beneficial during the revision process, you can refer to previously generated notes if you have skipped making them during lectures. DigiNerve App offers the best Pediatrics MBBS notes.
Strengthen your memory: Refer to richly illustrated content that includes clinical, radiological images along with flowcharts, tables, and boxes. This will enhance your understanding and help you in recalling quickly at the time of exams.
Self-Study: After lectures, set aside time for self-study. Self-learning requires a lot of discipline and can be challenging at first, but it gets easier over time. Self-study is a very effective learning method, however, you can also indulge in discussions with your friends as brainstorming is an interesting way to learn.
Previous year’s question papers: Go through maximum previous year’s university exams, and entrance exams to know some of the most important topics that are frequently asked. Solve MCQs on a daily basis to get exposed to more and more cases.
To ace Pediatrics, enroll for DigiNerve’s Pediatrics for UnderGrads course by Dr. Santosh T Soans and Dr. Soundarya Mahalingam. It is one of the best online pediatric courses. This course is fantastic since it goes into history taking and clinical examination in great detail. The module on Gastroenterology, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, and so on, has also integrated systemic learning. On DigiNerve, you can find Pediatrics MBBS question bank to practise and assess your knowledge.
FAQs
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How to Become a Pediatrician?
In order to become a pediatrician, one must have a bachelor’s as well as a master’s degree recognized by the Medical Council of India.
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Is it hard to be a Pediatrician?
Children, as we all know, are difficult to deal with, and many individuals lack the patience and enthusiasm to do so, while others struggle to establish a rapport with them. Being a pediatrician is considered difficult, but it’s also quite rewarding. So, if you’ve set your mind on being a pediatrician, it shouldn’t be too difficult.
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What do Pediatricians specialize in?
Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in the treatment of children. They are responsible for maintaining physical, mental, and emotional well-being at every stage of a child’s development, as well as providing health care for severely or chronically unwell children.
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What are the advantages of being a Pediatrician?
Most people pursue this job because they want to help children get better, and it’s usually a highly rewarding experience. They are also responsible for impacting youth and instilling healthy behaviour in children, such as exercising and eating well.
Surgery is one of the most versatile subjects in MBBS. Studying surgery the right way helps in determining a patient’s course of treatment. Integration of surgery with important disciplines such as Anatomy, Pathology, Medicine, and others has become essential in the contemporary CBME curriculum. This has made it more challenging for students to figure out how to approach and study the subject holistically.
Where to begin with?
Begin with the topics that are most familiar to you. Nearly 80% of surgery is contained in the fundamentals, so make sure you have the fundamentals of surgery ready at hand. Most people focus on difficult themes while ignoring the fundamentals, which could be a mistake because most of the high-yield questions are based on the fundamentals, such as Head & Neck, Breast, and Abdomen.
Focus on Conceptual Clarity
It’s easier to approach Surgery if you gain conceptual clarity. Mugging up can help you with only a few answers but the subject has intricacies that can be memorized only if you have the concepts on your tips.
Divide the Subject into 3 Parts
- General Surgery
- Systemic & Specialty Surgery
- Clinics in Surgery
Watch Real Cases Online
Watching videos with real-life clinical scenarios will help in the development of correct concepts. This will give you maximum exposure to build your understanding, structure it, and ultimately excel in exams. Find the best surgery video lectures on DigiNerve, where Dr. Sriram Bhat (SRB) is a faculty for Surgery for UnderGrads. He is the renowned author of the best-seller – “SRB’s Manual of Surgery”. Clinical examination and differential diagnosis have been given top priority throughout the course. Each topic includes theoretical and practical components of operative surgery, as well as critical problems for university examinations, PG entrance tests, and viva voce. Surgical anatomy is a crucial element of operational surgery, so cover it alongside the majority of the structures and systems to get a thorough understanding.
Choose the right books: When it comes to choosing the right book for surgery, no doubt “SRB’s Manual for Surgery” is the best. This book includes an advanced approach to treat cancer. All of the key chapters of general surgery are covered in detail, as are the most common conditions. The supporting diagrams and images are easy to memorize—crucial for a student confronting theory and practical exams. This book will be a go-to resource for all surgical difficulties.
Practise Q Banks: MCQs should be extensively practiced. Including case-based questions will strengthen your preparation. DigiNerve’s Surgery for UnderGrads includes 2500+ MCQs along with notes, and video lectures for you to have a thorough understanding of Surgery.
Attend clinics regularly
This is the most significant and decisive aspect of the final year. It is critical to participate actively in clinics rather than simply attending for the sake of attending. Regardless of the posting, make sure you follow the steps below:
- As many patients as possible should be examined. Practice eliciting a variety of findings that will assist you in making a diagnosis. For example, in Surgery, palpation of a swollen/ulcer, and palpation of lymph nodes. Actively seek out cases and put your knowledge to the test until you’ve mastered them.
- Never be afraid to express your argument. Every case you present is a chance. It assists you in increasing your self-assurance, identifying your flaws, and learning from your failures. You will make fewer mistakes if you practise more cases.
- To arrive at a diagnosis, emphasizing the history and physical examination of the patient is extremely important. You must calculate the differentials on your own. Make a list of investigations based on your differential diagnosis and limit down the list.
- While preparing the case and during the discussion, it is important to critically think. Ask questions to clarify any doubts. Indulge in discussions with your friends or classmates to brainstorm, which will increase your ability to think faster during the time exams.
FAQs
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How do you study for Surgery?
Start with the basics and gradually move ahead into the details. Watch video lectures, preferably of the author whose book you’re reading, to make your concepts clear. This can be done on DigiNerve where you can watch SRB’s video lectures. Solve as many MCQs as you can, including tons of case-based questions.
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What are the 3 pillars of surgery?
- General Surgery
- Systemic & Specialty Surgery
- Clinics in Surgery
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Where can I get surgery video lectures?
The best online platform offering a comprehensive surgery course is DigiNerve. It also provides MCQs and notes.
- Is DigiNerve’s Surgery for UnderGrads course enough to clear concepts?
Yes, Surgery for UnderGrads is a course by Dr. Sriram Bhat (SRB) who comprehensively explains concepts with the help of video lectures, MCQs, and Notes.
